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Pronunciation • Roots • Root Extraction • Nouns • Plural Nouns EDITED • Masculine Plural Nouns EDITED • Feminine Plural Nouns
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Irregular Plural
Nouns • Irregular Perfective Conjugation • Irregular Imperfective Conjugation • Prepositions • Conjunctions • Adverbs • Inactive Particles • Ablative Particles • Vocative Particles • Exclamatory Style • Praise & Disparagement • Passive Participles • Participle-like Adjectives • Comparatives • Place-nouns • Time-nouns • Tool-nouns • Attributives • Diminutives
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Pronouns (continued)
II. Indirect Object
Attached object pronouns serve as indirect objects by attachment to nouns (to form genitive constructions), to prepositions, or to verbs along with other pronouns.
۞ Indirect Objects of Verbs This is an archaic usage. In the modern language, the indirect, or second, object of a verb would usually be referred to by a separate object pronoun as we showed earlier. Examples: أَعْطَيْتُكَهُ 'a"taytu-ka-h(u) = (I) gave you him Translation: I gave it to you
سَأَلْتُمُوْنِيْهَاْ sa'altum-oonee-haa = (you plu. masc.) asked me her Translation: you asked me for it Or: you asked me about it An important note here is that the order of pronouns attached to verb does not depend on which one is direct object and which one is indirect. Rather, the 1st person pronouns will always come before the 2nd person pronouns in order, and these will always come before the 3rd person pronouns.
۞ Object Pronouns Attached to Nouns Object pronouns will be attached to nouns to form genitive constructions.
1. Object Pronouns Attached to Singular Nouns
1) 'ar-raf" Case 'ar-raf" case الرَّفْعُ is the nominative or the subject case. Example:
Remember that the word forming the first part of a genitive construction is always a definite word. Also note that attaching the pronoun -ee ـي = "me," to a noun will not allow the case-sign to appear, it will be called "estimated" مُقَدَّرَة between the noun and the pronoun.
Attachment of 1st Person Singular Object Pronoun to Nouns Ending With a Long Vowel
Long vowels at the end of nouns will turn the -ee = -iy into a -y(a). The same transformation will also occur when adding the -ee to dual and masculine plural nouns, as we shall see in the next page.
Examples: عَصَاْيَ "asaa-y(a) = (the) stick (of) me Translation: my stick/cane
مُحَاْمِيَّ muhaamee-y(a) = muhaamiy-y(a) = (the) attorney (of) me Translation: my attorney
The consonant -y was followed by a short vowel -a in this case in order to prevent two still letters from directly following each other, which is a bad thing in Arabic.
2) 'an-nasb Case 'an-nasb case النَّصْبُ is the accusative, dative or vocative cases. Things here are like what they were for the previous case.
3) 'al-jarr Case 'al-jarr case is the ablative or the genitive cases. The regular case-sign for this case is a short vowel -i, which is one of the three sounds ( -i, -ee, and -ay ) that lead to bad combinations with 3rd person pronouns. Therefore, we will see here changes in the third person pronouns.
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