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Negation (continued)

Future Tense Negative Sentences

Those are the negative words that can be seen in negative sentences in the future tense. They are all particles. The first one of them is a subjunctive particle and it requires the imperfective verb after it to be in the subjunctive mood.

Lan لَنْ

Lan is the principle negative particle for future tense in formal Arabic. It comes before imperfective verbs, and if there is a future tense particle before the verb (like sa-or sawfa), it must be removed.

Lan is a subjunctive particle and the imperfective verb after it must always be in the subjunctive mood.

The future particle sawfa can sometimes be used in negative future tense sentences, but it must come before the negative word.

Examples:

سَوْفَ لَنْ تُسَاْفِرَ سَلْمَىْ غَدًا

sawfa lan tusaafir(a) salmaa rada(n)saw

 = will not travel Salma tomorrow

Translation: Salma is not leaving town/country tomorrow

الطَقْسُ سَوْفَ لَنْ يَكُوْنَ صَحْوًا يَوْمَ الاِثْنَيْنِ

'at-taqs(u) sawfa lan yakoon(a) sahwa(n) yawm(a) ('a)l-'ithnayn(i)

= the weather will not be clear Monday

Translation: the weather will not be clear on Monday

laa لا

Laa works with imperfective verbs, and as those can mean both the present and the future, laa is used for negative sentences in both the present and the future.

لا يَكُوْنُ الطَقْسُ صَحْوًا يَوْمَ الاِثْنَيْنِ

laa yakoon(u) ('a)t-taqs(u) sahwa(n) yawm(a) ('a)l-'ithnayn(i)

= not will be the weather clear Monday

Translation: the weather will not be clear on Monday

الطَقْسُ لا يَكُوْنُ صَحْوًا فِيْ الْشِّتَاْءِ

'at-taqs(u) laa yakoon(u) sahwa(n) fee ('a)sh-shitaa'(i)

= the weather not will be clear in the winter

Translation: ≈ the weather is not usually clear in winter

See here for explanation about the last sentence.

The future particle sawfa can sometimes be used in negative future tense sentences, but it must come before the negative word.

Examples:

سَوْفَ لا تُسَاْفِرُ سَلْمَىْ غَدًا

sawfa laa tusaafir(u) salmaa rada(n)saw

 = will not travel Salma tomorrow

Translation: Salma is not leaving town/country tomorrow

Laa + Perfective

Laa can often precede the perfective (past) verb in classical Arabic. However, this does not mean that the sentence will be in the past tense, because laa can NOT negate past tense events (except in "neither...nor..." construction, where it can).

If laa came followed by a perfective verb, that verb would be a subjunctive verb not an actual past verb; because in Arabic, like in English, the perfective verbs are used as subjunctive verbs.

So laa plus a perfective verb is used for negative wishing; laa will mean in this construction something like "I wish not that."

Examples:

لا سَمَحَ الْلَّهُ

laa samah(a) ('a)l-laah(u)

= I wish not that allow God

Translation: may God not allow (that)

= God forbid

لا قَدَّرَ الْلَّهُ

laa qaddar(a) ('a)l-laah(u)

= I wish not that predestine God

Translation: may God not predestine (that)

= God forbid

لا سَاْمَحَكَ الْلَّهُ

laa saamaha-k(a) ('a)l-laah(u)

= I wish not that forgive you God

Translation: may God not forgive you

Maa مَاْ & 'in إِنْ

Maa and 'in are used for all tenses. They can be used to form negative sentences in the future tense after removing the future particles (sa-or sawfa).

A summary for the common negative words and their usage in modern standard Arabic: (note that the negative words are always placed before the verbs in this scheme)

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