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ARABIC ONLINE اللّغة العربيّة |
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Sound Masculine Plural Nouns Irregular Perfective Conjugation Irregular Imperfective Conjugation Inactive Particles Vocative Particles Praise & Disparagement Participle-like Adjectives Place-nouns Tool-nouns Diminutives
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Nouns (continued) Number of Nouns Singular Nouns
The grammatical number of nouns is easily identified by their endings.
Singular nouns, including the grammatically singular but semantically plural irregular plural nouns, can have six different endings.
Since that the rules of pause prohibit pronouncing a terminal short vowel when followed by a pause, the definite/construct endings are dropped from pronunciation when they occur terminal in speech. Moreover, even the indefinite endings which contain terminal letter noon's are dropped when they occur terminal in speech.
Short vowels are not letters, and they are indicated in transcription by the three short vowel marks that appear above or below the preceding letter. Since that the vowel marks are not usually written, the definite/construct endings are not usually shown in writing at all and they are left for the reader's good sense.
The noon of the indefinite endings (the presence of this noon is called nunation) is a letter that has an obligatory written form. However, it was decided not to write the noon of the indefinite endings and replace it by doubling the mark of the preceding short vowel. Thus, the indefinite endings also became unwritten except for special purposes when the diacritic marks are added.
So since that the singular endings are not usually apparent in writing, written singular nouns can be identified by the lack of an apparent ending.
Examples: رَجُل rajul
Man
اِمْرَأَة 'imra'a(t)
Woman
رِجَاْل rijaal
Men
The last example is a plural noun yet it has singular endings; this is because it is an irregular or broken plural noun (collective noun), and irregular plural nouns are grammatically singular. Although irregular plurals that refer to humans, like the example, are often treated as plurals in Standard Arabic, this does not include the declension of the noun itself which will still be declined as a singular noun (it will still have the same endings as a singular noun).
A dual noun الْمُثَنَّىْ is a noun that refers to two persons or things. Dual nouns are easily identified by their common dual ending. The dual ending is inflected for two cases and two states as follows:
Unlike the singular endings, the dual endings are pronounced at pause except for the final short I vowel, and they are apparent in writing except also for the final short I vowel which is indicated by an optional diacritic mark. Examples, click on the Arabic word to hear it:
You can see how the feminine taa'< -at ought to be fully pronounced in the dual; since it is no longer terminal, there is no possibility that one pauses at it. The case declension of dual nouns (and regular plural nouns) is special in that it involves only two cases instead of three (but this for all the states and there is nunation, so they are not diptota). The nasb and jarr marking of these nouns is identical, this is why these two cases of the dual (and regular plural) may be collectively called the "oblique case" by linguists.
Irregular Nouns For description of irregular noun types, you may click here
I. Shortened Nouns Shortened nouns are nouns that end with a long A vowel (-aa ـا / ـى ).
۩ Shortened Nouns With Three Letters The weak 'alif of the ending will be changed back to its origin (either w or y) when attaching the dual ending. This form of 'alif : ـاwill be changed back to w, and this one: ـى will be changed back to y. The short A vowel preceding the weak 'alif will remain intact. -aa → -aW-dual ending -aa → -aY-dual ending
۩ Shortened Nouns With More Than Three Letters The weak 'alif will be always changed to y when attaching the dual ending, regardless of its origin. -aa → -aY-dual ending
A final weak 'alif of any Arabic word with more than three letters takes this figure ـى regardless of its true origin. This suits well the rules of declension. However, there is one exception, which is when the letter preceding the final weak 'alif in such words is y ; in that case, the 'alif takes the figure ـا even though the rule still stands as it is. Examples:
II. Extended Nouns Extended nouns are nouns that end with a long A vowel followed by a terminal glottal stop or hamza(t) (-aa'< ـَاْء ). ۩ Extended Nouns With Four Letters or Fewer In extended nouns with four letters or fewer, the final hamza(t) ء is always an original letter. When attaching the dual ending, the ء will be changed back to its origin (w or y) if the ء itself is not the origin. -aa'< → -aa'-dual ending -aa'< → -aaW-dual ending -aa'< → -aaY-dual ending
Unlike the shortened 'alif whose figure denotes its origin, the origin of the hamza(t) of an extended 'alif cannot be told from its written figure. It is possible, though not ideal, to keep the hamza(t) of the extended 'alif always without change when attaching the dual ending. This is typical of Modern Standard Arabic. Examples:
۩ Extended Nouns With More Than Four Letters In extended nouns with more than four letters, there is a chance that the hamza(t) ء of the extended 'alif is an additional letter (i.e. the extended 'alif is a suffix).
If the hamza(t) is an original letter, it will be changed back to its origin (w , y, or kept ' ) when adding the dual suffix. -aa'< → -aa'-dual ending -aa'< → -aaW-dual ending -aa'< → -aaY-dual ending
However, it is possible to always keep the hamza(t) unchanged when attaching the dual ending. This is typical of Modern Standard Arabic. Examples:
When the -aa'< is a feminine marker, the hamza(t) is always turned into w when attaching the dual ending. -aa'< → -aaW-dual ending
III. Defective Nouns Defective nouns are nouns that end with a long I vowel (-iy ـِيْ ) whose terminal y belongs to the root. Defective nouns take the dual ending just as regular nouns. -iY → -iY-dual ending
Examples:
There are five dual nouns in Arabic of which there are no singulars; these are called the "annexed duals" مُلْحَقَاْتُ الْمُثَنَّىْ .
The last two words lack their final -n(i) because they exist only in the construct state that is used to form genitive constructions. Dual nouns (as well as the regular masculine plurals) lose their final -n(i) in the construct state; this will be covered later.
Etymology Note This is just my personal conjecture.
The dual suffix -aani, like the feminine -at, apparently had an original augmentative/diminutive meaning that was not restricted to the dual number. Many noun structures in Arabic have -aan suffixes denoting what appears to be an augmentative meaning (and infrequently a diminutive meaning). For example, -aan suffixes occur in verbal noun, participle/agent noun, and irregular plural structures:
*Diptote. Other common nouns with -aan suffixes are: rahmaan(un) رَحْمَاْنٌ ≈ "a merciful" (agent noun of "have mercy") 'insaan(un) إِنْسَاْنٌ= "a human being" qur'aan(un) قُرْآنٌ = "a reading (out), the Koran" Many of such -aan nouns are often considered to be loanwords from other Semitic languages (often Aramaic). The -aan suffix is commonly used in Semitic languages as an adjectival suffix. Proper nouns with -aan suffixes are nomina diptota (e.g. عُثْمَاْنُ ، حَمْدَاْنُ ، سَلْمَاْنُ). Fa"laan(u) adjectives are diptota when their feminine form is fa"laa; which are most of them. The suffix -aan is common in Aramaic as a diminutive suffix.
E.g. ktovaan = "a booklet, little book" baytaan = "a little house" The -aan develops later to -ōn then to -oon (-ūn). The suffix -ōn is commonly found in Syrian Arabic (due to Aramaic influence). For example, jardōn = "rat" (Standard Arabic: جُرَذٌ)
Extra Note: Modern Variations In modern spoken Arabic, the dual declension is still productive. However, there is no case declension in modern spoken Arabic, so the dual ending retains only forms derived from the classical object form. The most common form of the dual ending in modern spoken Arabic is: -ain (-ēn) Examples: yōmain = two days ktaabain = two books televizyōnain = two televisions This is the mainstream form. Other forms include: -een -iyen The classical object form is preserved in rural Syrian (but without the final short I). However, it is not an "object" form anymore: -ayn In modern spoken Arabic, the dual (and masculine plural) endings are not inflected for state as they retain the final -n in the construct state. E.g. in urban Syrian Arabic: ktaabain ('e)l-walad = (the) two books (of) the boy ktaabain-ee = (the) two books (of) me
Other Semitic languages that we know of had the dual marking, but it was not productive in any of them. It was limited to very few words for things that usually come in pairs like two eyes, two hands, two days, etc. Examples:
Exercise 1 Can you change the following singular nouns to dual nouns in the subject case?
Answers
Exercise 2 Can you change the following dual nouns to singular nouns?
Answers
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