|
ARABIC ONLINE اللّغة العربيّة |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Sound Masculine Plural Nouns Irregular Perfective Conjugation Irregular Imperfective Conjugation Inactive Particles Vocative Particles Praise & Disparagement Participle-like Adjectives Place-nouns Tool-nouns Diminutives
Add your comments to t
IMPORTANT NOTICE I have nothing to do with adds that appear on this website. I don't sell books, courses, lessons, or anything. This website is being transferred to another domain.
© Hani Deek 2005-2018. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this website's content without express and written permission from this websites author is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Hani Deek with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.
|
Meanings of Verb Forms (continued) Triliteral Roots
Form IX
This form has limited uses. It has a stative meaning (see this page for description of the stative meaning). However, the use of this structure is limited to roots denoting colors or bodily characteristics (mostly defects). Stative (He) was/became color/bodily defect
Examples, colors:
Note: adjectives denoting colors or bodily defects usually take the structure 'af"al(u) and are forbidden to noonation.
Examples, bodily defects:
The meaning "(he) was/has been something" is archaic; these verb most often mean "(he) became/has become something."
Form X
This is the final one of the important verb forms. This form contains two affixes, a causative -s- and a reflexive -t-, thus it is called the St-Stem or the Ct-Stem. This form equals form VIII plus a causative affix -s-. Let's work out the resultant meanings: Form VIII had two meanings: (He) did himself (He) made himself do The -s- affix equals a word "make," let's add one to the first meaning. There are two possibilities:
Now we'll add a "make" to the second meaning of form VIII. The possibility that concern us is: Causative (He) made himself make do → (He) made do emphatic of the subject's role in initiating & maintaining the causative action
Thus, form X has three basic meanings.
1) Causative The first meaning we're going to talk about is the simple causative. The presence of the -t- affix makes this meaning a bit different here from the causative structures we talked about before, because here it means literally "(he) made himself make do" rather than just "(he) made do." This is called in Arabic تَكَلُّفٌ which means literally "self-charging" or "self-assigning a task" (It also figuratively means "feigning," a factitious reflexive meaning). The causative meaning of form X imparts a bigger role of the subject in causing the action, or simply it imparts effort. This translates to several figurative meanings like, for example, the meaning of arrangement and request; like in "I had the man work for me," or "he had the guest stay for dinner." Example: عَمِلَ الرَّجُلُ "amil(a) ('a)r-rajul(u) = worked the man Translation: the man worked Form IV: أَعْمَلَ الرَّجُلَ 'a"mal(a) ('a)r-rajul(a) = (he) made work the man Translation: he made/had the man work he made the man a worker Form X: اِسْتَعْمَلَ الرَّجُلَ 'ista"mal(a) ('a)r-rajul(a) = (he) made work the man Translation: he had the man work he arranged for the man to work The last verb indicated more effort by the subject in causing the action (the man working). N.B. this was a classical example. The verb 'ista"mal(a) means in modern Arabic "(he) used" like in "he used a tissue paper."
Another example: بَقِيَ الرَّجُلُ baqiy(a) ('a)r-rajul(u) = stayed the man Translation: the man stayed
Form IV: أَبْقَىْ الرَّجُلَ 'abqaa ('a)r-rajul(a) = (he) made stay the man Translation: he made/had the man stay he kept the man
Form X: اِسْتَبْقَىْ الرَّجُلَ 'istabqaa ('a)r-rajul(a) = (he) made stay the man Translation: he had the man stay he asked the man to stay
More examples:
The causative meaning can be, as usual, transformative. However, this meaning here will not usually be literal. It will be factitious, and it will have a sincere motive behind it. The factitious transformative meaning here will mean "(he) thought to be." Transformative (He) made himself make noun → (He) thought/believed to be noun Examples:
2) Reflexive Causative
Reflexive Causative (He) made himself do This meaning is similar to the reflexive causative meaning of form VIII. There will also be the reflexive conative meaning "(he) sought to do himself." Examples, all the form X verbs are intransitive:
Examples on the reflexive transformative meaning: Reflexive Transformative (He) made himself be noun
3) Causative to do the Self This meaning is very similar to the factitious reflexive meaning "(he) sought to do himself" (the so-called by me "reflexive conative"). I am not sure if I should separate the two, but I did because verbs that carry this meaning are transitive, contrary to the reflexive conative. Causative to do the self
(He) made (the object) do himself (=the subject) → (He) sought to be done by (the object) These verbs usually carry the meaning of seeking or request. Examples:
Affixes Now that we have covered all the major verb forms, here is a list of the meanings of the verbal affixes:
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
