Meanings of Verb Forms
(continued)
Triliteral Roots
Form
V
|
Form V of
Arabic Verbs
(Active Voice) |
|
Reflexive Causative
(He) made himself do |
tafa''"al(a)
tr./intr. |
تَفَعَّلَ |
This form is the reflexive of form II. It is
composed of the structure of form II plus the reflexive prefix
t-,
hence it is called the Dt-stem.
The meanings of form V are simply the meanings
of form II plus the word "himself."
|
Form II |
Form V |
|
Causative
(He) made do |
Reflexive Causative
(He) made himself do |
|
Transformative
(He) made be noun
(He) noun-ized |
Reflexive Transformative
(He) made himself be noun
→ (He) became noun-ized |
|
Intensive
(He) did much |
Reflexive Intensive
(He) did himself much
→
(He) became done much |
Examples on the first meaning:
|
Form V |
Form II |
|
ta"allam(a) |
تَعَلَّمَ |
"allam(a) |
عَلَّمَ |
|
(he) taught himself
→
(he) learned |
(he) taught |
|
ta"arraf(a) |
تَعَرَّفَ |
"arraf(a) |
عَرَّفَ |
|
(he) made himself know
→
(he) recognized (intr.) |
(he) made know |
|
tasallam(a) |
تَسَلَّمَ |
sallam(a) |
سَلَّمَ |
|
(he) handed himself
→
(he) received |
(he) handed |
|
tawassal(a) |
تَوَصَّلَ |
wassal(a) |
وَصَّلَ |
|
(he) delivered
himself
→
(he) found out (intr.) |
(he) delivered |
|
tafahham(a) |
تَفَهَّمَ |
fahham(a) |
فَهَّمَ |
|
(he) made himself understand
→
(he) empathized, showed understanding |
(he) made understand |
|
ta'akhkhar(a) |
تَأَخَّرَ |
'akhkhar(a) |
أَخَّرَ |
|
(he) made himself late
→
(he) was late |
(he) made late |
|
tahawwal(a) |
تَحَوَّلَ |
hawwal(a) |
حَوَّلَ |
|
(he) transformed
himself
→
(he) transformed (intr.) |
(he) transformed (tr.) |
|
tararrab(a) |
تَغَرَّبَ |
rarrab(a) |
غَرَّبَ |
|
(he) made himself strange(r)
→ (he) lived abroad |
(he) made strange(r) |
|
tanabbah(a) |
تَنَبَّهَ |
nabbah(a) |
نَبَّهَ |
|
(he) drew the attention of himself
→
(he) became alerted |
(he) drew attention |
Examples on the reflexive transformative meaning:
|
Form V |
Form II |
|
tanassar(a) |
تَنَصَّرَ |
nassar(a) |
نَصَّرَ |
|
(he) Christianized himself
→ (he) became Christian |
(he) Christianized (tr.) |
|
tahawwad(a) |
تَهَوَّدَ |
hawwad(a) |
هَوَّدَ |
|
(he) Judaized himself
→ (he) became Jewish |
(he) Judaized (tr.) |
|
tarayyar(a) |
تَغَيَّرَ |
rayyar(a) |
غَيَّرَ |
|
(he)
changed himself
→ (he)
changed (intr.) |
(he)
changed (tr.) |
We explained that the transformative meaning of form II can be factitious. However, for this from, the
factitious reflexive transformative meaning is
rarely meant as one with an insincere motive (e.g. pretension). Rather, it
is often meant as one in which the subject honestly tries to transform
himself (a conative meaning). The insincere factitious reflexive
transformative meaning is more often expressed by form VI.
Examples:
|
Form V |
Form II |
|
tasallam(a) |
تَكَرَّمَ |
karram(a) |
كَرَّمَ |
|
(he) made himself
generous
{(he) sought to make himself generous}
→ (he) was kind (to do something) (intr.) |
(he) dignified
(he) made generous |
|
tashajja"(a) |
تَشَجَّعَ |
shajja"(a) |
شَجَّعَ |
|
(he) encouraged himself
{(he) sought to encourage himself}
→ (he) became encouraged
→
(he) plucked up courage |
(he) encouraged |
|
tasabbar(a) |
تَصَبَّرَ |
sabbar(a) |
صَبَّرَ |
|
(he) made himself patient
{(he) sought to make himself patient} |
(he) made patient |
|
tajawwa"(a) |
تَجَوَّعَ |
jawwa"(a) |
جَوَّعَ |
|
(he) made himself hungry
{(he) sought to make himself hungry} |
(he) made hungry |
Examples on the reflexive intensive meaning:
|
Form V |
Form II |
|
takassar(a) |
تَكَسَّرَ |
kassar(a) |
كَسَّرَ |
|
(he) smashed himself
→
(he) smashed (intr.) |
(he) smashed (tr.) |
|
tahattam(a) |
تَحَطَّمَ |
hattam(a) |
حَطَّمَ |
|
(he) smashed himself
→
(he) smashed (intr.) |
(he) smashed (tr.) |
|
taqatta"(a) |
تَقَطَّعَ |
qatta"(a) |
قَطَّعَ |
|
(he) chopped himself
→
(he) became chops, pieces |
(he) chopped |
|
taharraq(a) |
تَحَرَّقَ |
harraq(a) |
حَرَّقَ |
|
(he) burned himself much
→
(he) awaited eagerly |
(he) burned much |
|
Basic Meanings of Form V |
|
Reflexive Causative |
to do |
(he) made himself do |
|
to be
noun
(Reflexive Transformative) |
Genuine |
(he) made himself be noun
→
(he) became noun |
|
Factitious
|
(he) sought to be noun |
|
Connotative Meanings of Form V |
|
Reflexive Intensive |
of
character |
(he) did himself forcefully
→ (he) be came
done forcefully |
|
of
duration |
(he) did himself for long time
→
(he) became
done
for long time |
|
of
frequency |
(he) did himself often
→
(he) became
done
often |
Form
VI
|
Form VI
of Arabic Verbs
(Active Voice) |
|
Reflexive
of
Form III
(He) made himself
doing/doer
(He) made himself
doing/doer prep. himself |
tafaa"al(a)
tr./intr. |
تَفَاْعَلَ |
This form is the reflexive of form III. It has
the prefix
t-
and
is called the Lt-Stem.
Just
like how nasty was form III, this form is also nasty. We will try to go
slowly so we don't get lost.
Form
III had the following two meanings:
Causative to be
Active Participle
(He) made be doing/doer prep.
(He) made himself
doing/doer prep.
Notice
that the second meaning was already reflexive. Now let's add the word
"himself" to both meanings:
(He) made himself be doing/doer
(He) made himself
doing/doer prep.
himself
The
second meaning already had a word "himself" after "made," so we have to
place it at the end after the preposition.
Now
the first meaning of form III has actually become the second meaning,
while the second meaning has become a new "double-reflexive" meaning.
Notice that both of the new meanings lack a final preposition, this is
important because form VI, contrary to form III, is mostly
intransitive.
|
Form III |
Form VI |
|
Causative to be Active
Participle
(He) made be doing/doer prep. |
Reflexive Causative to be
Active Participle
(He) became doing/doer |
|
Reflexive Causative to be
Active Participle
(He) became doing/doer prep. |
Reflexive Reflexive Causative to be
Active Participle
(He) became doing/doer prep. himself |
These
transformations are only for the general meanings and they do not mean
that every specific form III verb will necessarily carry the corresponding
meaning of form VI when rendered in that from. Verbs of form III and form
VI can often carry identical general meanings by crisscrossing.
Example, the verb:
سَمَحَ
samah(a)
(he) was generous (intr.)
→ (he) allowed (intr.)
In a sentence:
سَمَحَ
لِلرَّجُلِ
samah(a) li-r-rajul(i)
= (he) allowed for the man
Translation:
he
allowed the man
Form III:
سَاْمَحَ
saamah(a)
(he)
made himself be
generous with (tr.)
→ (he) forgave (tr.)
In a sentence:
سَاْمَحَ
الرَّجُلَ
saamah(a) ('a)r-rajul(a)
= (he) forgave the man
Translation:
he
forgave the man
Form VI:
تَسَاْمَحَ
tasaamah(a)
(he)
made himself be
generous (intr.)
→ (he) tolerated (intr.)
In a sentence:
تَسَاْمَحَ
مَعَ الرَّجُلِ
tasaamah(a) ma"(a) ('a)r-rajul(i)
= (he) tolerated with the man
Translation:
he
tolerated the man
he went easy on the man
Here, both the form III and form VI had the
same general meaning. However, the verb of form VI certainly carries a
stronger reflexive meaning because it has an additional reflexive prefix.
A different example:
سَأَلَ
sa'al(a)
(he) asked (tr.)
سَأَلَ
الرَّجُلَ
sa'al(a) ('a)r-rajul(a)
= (he) asked the man
Translation:
he
asked the man
Form
III:
سَاْئَلَ
saa'al(a)
(he)
made himself be
asking
of (tr.)
→ (he) questioned, interrogated (tr.)
سَاْئَلَ
الرَّجُلَ
saa'al(a) ('a)r-rajul(a)
= (he) interrogated the man
Translation:
he
interrogated the man
Form
VI:
تَسَاْءَلَ
tasaa'al(a)
(he)
made himself be
asking
of himself (intr.)
→ (he) wondered (intr.)
تَسَاْءَلَ
عَنِ
الرَّجُلِ
tasaa'al(a) "an(i) ('a)r-rajul(i)
= (he) wondered about the man
Translation:
he
wondered about the man
In
this example, the form VI verb had a different general meaning from the
from III one.
Those
were the literal meanings. Form III had also three connotative meanings,
this form too has three connotative meanings.
|
Form III |
Form VI |
|
Mutual
(initiated by one side)
(He) initiated mutual doing
with |
Mutual
(pure)
(He) engaged in mutual doing |
|
Conative
(He) sought to do |
Conative/Pretension
(He) sought to do
(he) he pretended to do
|
|
Intensive
(He) did much |
Reflexive Intensive
(He) did
himself much
(He) became done
much |
1)
Pure Mutuality
The
first meaning
is similar to the mutual meaning of form III, but here the subject of the
verb will not be indicated as the initiator of the mutual activity.
Examples:
|
Form VI |
Form III |
|
takaatab(a) |
تَكَاْتَبَ |
kaatab(a) |
كَاْتَبَ |
|
(he) became writing
{(he) exchanged writing}
→
(he) corresponded |
(he) became writing to
{(he) initiated mutual writing with}
→
(he) corresponded with |
|
taqaatal(a) |
تَقَاْتَلَ |
qaatal(a) |
قَاْتَلَ |
|
(he) became
killing
{(he) exchanged seeking to kill with}
→ (he) fought (intr.) |
(he) became killing of
{(he) initiated mutual seeking to kill with}
→ (he) fought (tr.) |
|
tabaadal(a) |
تَبَاْدَلَ |
baadal(a) |
بَاْدَلَ |
|
(he) became changing of (things)
{(he) exchanged changing of (things)}
→
(he) exchanged
takes one object |
(he) became changing of (things) with (someone)
{(he) initiated mutual changing of (things) with (someone)}
→ (he)
exchanged with
takes two objects |
|
ta"aanaq(a) |
تَعَاْنَقَ |
"aanaq(a) |
عَاْنَقَ |
|
(he)
became embracing the neck
{(he)
exchanged neck embracing}
→ (he)
embraced (intr.) |
(he)
became embracing the neck of
{(he) initiated mutual neck embracing with}
→ (he)
embraced (tr.) |
|
tamaazah(a) |
تَمَاْزَحَ |
maazah(a) |
مَاْزَحَ |
|
(he)
became joking
{(he)
exchanged joking}
→ (he) exchanged joking |
(he)
became joking with
{(he)
sought to joke
with}
→ (he) joked with |
|
talaataf(a) |
تَلاطَفَ |
laataf(a) |
لاطَفَ |
|
(he)
became gentle
{(he)
exchanged being gentle} |
(he)
became gentle with
{(he)
sought to be gentle
with}
→ (he) was gentle with |
|
ta'aamar(a) |
تَآمَرَ |
'aamar(a) |
آمَرَ |
|
(he)
became talking
{(he)
exchanged talking}
→ (he) conspired (intr.) |
(he) became talking with
{(he) initiated mutual talking with}
→ (he) consulted (tr.) |
|
tanaaza"(a) |
تَنَاْزَعَ |
naaza"(a) |
نَاْزَعَ |
|
(he) became plucking of
(something)
{(he) exchanged seeking to pluck (something)}
takes one object |
(he) became plucking of (something) with (someone)
{(he) initiated mutual seeking to pluck (something) with (someone)}
→ (he) disputed over
takes two objects |
|
taraaqas(a) |
تَعَاْوَنَ |
raaqas(a) |
عَاْوَنَ |
|
(he)
became
assisting
{(he) exchanged assisting}
→ (he) assisted (intr.) |
(he)
became
assisting of
{(he) sought to assist}
→ (he) assisted |
|
tanaaqash(a) |
تَنَاْقَشَ |
naaqash(a) |
نَاْقَشَ |
|
(he)
became
extracting of (something)
{(he) exchanged extracting of (something)}
→ (he) discussed
takes one object |
(he)
became extracting of (something) with (someone)
{(he) initiated mutual extracting of (something) with
(someone)}
→ (he) discussed
takes two objects |
|
ta"aamal(a) |
تَعَاْمَلَ |
"aamal(a) |
عَاْمَلَ |
|
(he) became working
{(he) exchanged working}
= (he) worked
→ (he) treated, behaved toward |
(he) became working with
{(he) initiated mutual working with}
= (he) worked with
→ (he) treated, behaved toward |
|
tahaawar(a) |
تَحَاْوَرَ |
haawar(a) |
حَاْوَرَ |
|
(he) became going back
{(he)
exchanged going back}
→ (he) conversed |
(he) became going back with
{(he) initiated mutual going back with}
→ (he) conversed with |
|
taraashaq(a) |
تَرَاْشَقَ |
raashaq(a) |
رَاْشَقَ |
|
(he)
became flinging
{(he)
exchanged flinging} |
(he) became flinging at
{(he) initiated mutual flinging with} |
|
tahaarab(a) |
تَحَاْرَبَ |
haarab(a) |
حَاْرَبَ |
|
(he)
became warring
{(he)
exchanged
war} |
(he)
became warring with
{(he) initiated war
with} |
2)
Factitious
Reflexive
We showed before that the
conative meaning of form III can be understood as a factitious reflexive
meaning but without bad intensions. Here, the meaning will remain a
factitious
reflexive, but the will behind it can be either sincere or insincere.
When
the
will behind the
factitious
reflexive meaning is sincere, it will be a conative meaning like form
III's.
Conative
(He)
made himself be doing/doer
→
(he) sought to do
Examples:
|
Form VI |
Form I |
|
tajaahal(a) |
تَجَاْهَلَ |
jahil(a) |
جَهِلَ |
|
(he) made himself not know
{(he) sought to not
know}
→ (he) ignored |
(he) did not know |
|
taraafal(a) |
تَغَاْفَلَ |
rafal(a) |
غَفَلَ |
|
(he) made himself inattentive
{(he) sought to be
inattentive}
→ (he) was inattentive |
(he) was inattentive |
|
takaasal(a) |
تَكَاْسَلَ |
kasil(a) |
كَسِلَ |
|
(he) made himself be/become lazy
{(he) sought to
be/become lazy}
→ (he) was/became lazy |
(he) was/became lazy |
|
tasaahal(a) |
تَسَاْهَلَ |
sahul(a) |
سَهُلَ |
|
(he) made himself be/become easy
{(he) sought to
be/become easy}
→ (he) went easy (on somebody) |
(he)
was/became easy |
When
the
will behind the
factitious
reflexive meaning is insincere, it will become
a meaning of self-faking or
pretension.
Pretension
(He)
made himself be doing/doer prep.
→
(he) pretended to do
Examples:
|
Form VI |
Form I |
|
tamaarad(a) |
تَمَاْرَضَ |
marid(a) |
مَرِضَ |
|
(he) made himself be/become
sick
→ (he) pretended to be sick
(he) malingered |
(he) became sick |
|
ta"aamaa |
تَعَاْمَىْ |
"amiy(a) |
عَمِيَ |
|
(he) made himself be/become
blind
→ (he) pretended to be blind
OR:
→ (he) turned his back on
(conative meaning) |
(he) was/became blind |
|
tanaasaa |
تَنَاْسَىْ |
nasiy(a) |
نَسِيَ |
|
(he) made himself forget
→ (he) pretended to forget
OR:
→ (he)
ignored
(conative meaning) |
(he) forgot |
Note: Factitious Transformative Meaning
We
have shown that the transformative meaning can often be not meant
literally but figuratively or "factitiously."
There are four major verb forms that are
often used to express this factitious transformative meaning:
|
Forms With Factitious Transformative Meaning |
|
Form |
Literally |
Figuratively |
|
II |
fa""al(a) |
factitious |
falsification, accusation
(bad
motive) |
|
III |
faa"al(a) |
reflexive
factitious |
conation
(sincere motive) |
|
V |
tafa''"al(a) |
reflexive
factitious |
conation
(sincere motive) |
|
VI |
tafaa"al(a) |
reflexive
factitious |
conation, pretension
(sincere/insincere motive) |
3)
Reflexive Intensive
Examples:
|
Form VI |
Form III |
|
tasaa'al(a) |
تَسَاْءَلَ |
saa'al(a) |
سَاْءَلَ |
|
(he) became asking of himself
{(he) asked himself much}
→ (he) wondered |
(he)
became asking of
{(he) asked much}
→ (he) interrogated |
|
tazaayad(a) |
تَزَاْيَدَ |
zaayad(a) |
زَاْيَدَ |
|
(he)
became increasing of himself
→
(he) increased more and more |
(he)
became increasing with
{(he) initiated mutual
increasing with (somebody)}
→ (he) bid more than (somebody) (at an auction) |
|
tanaamaa |
تَنَاْمَىْ |
naamaa |
نَاْمَىْ |
|
(he)
became growing of himself
→
(he) grew
more and more
|
(he)
became growing of
{(he) grew (something) much} |
|
takaathar(a) |
تَكَاْثَرَ |
kaathar(a) |
كَاْثَرَ |
|
(he)
became increasing of himself
→ (he) increased more and more
→ (he)
reproduced (intr.) |
(he)
became increasing of/with
{(he) increased much}
{(he) initiated mutual
increasing with}
→ (he) increased (something) much
→ (he) increased more than (somebody) |
Finally, some form VI verbs without a specific connotative meaning:
|
Form VI |
Form III |
|
taraaqas(a) |
تَرَاْقَصَ |
raaqas(a) |
رَاْقَصَ |
|
(he) became dancing
→ (he) shook, trembled |
(he) became dancing with
{(he) initiated mutual dancing with}
→ (he) danced with |
|
takhaathal(a) |
تَخَاْذَلَ |
khaathal(a) |
خَاْذَلَ |
|
(he) became letting down
→ (he) didn't do (what he was supposed to do) (intr.) |
(he) became letting down
→ (he) let down |
|
tadaa"af(a) |
تَضَاْعَفَ |
daa"af(a) |
ضَاْعَفَ |
|
(he) became multiplying/doubling
of himself
→ (he)
multiplied, doubled (intr.) |
(he) became multiplying/doubling
of
→ (he)
multiplied, doubled (tr.) |
|
Basic Meanings of Form VI |
|
Reflexive Causative
to be Active Participle |
Simple |
(he) made himself be doing
→
(he) became doing |
(he) became (a subject) that is doing |
|
(he) became (a subject) that does |
|
Reflexive |
(he) made himself be doing prep. himself
→
(he) became doing prep. himself |
(he) became (a subject) that is doing prep. himself
|
|
(he) became (a subject) that does prep. himself
|
|
Connotative Meanings of Form VI |
|
Mutual
(pure) |
(he)
engaged
in mutual doing |
|
Conative |
(he) sought to do
factitious reflexive transformative |
|
Pretension |
(he) pretended to do
factitious reflexive transformative |
|
Reflexive Intensive |
(he)
did himself much |
Previous
Next
|
