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ARABIC ONLINE اللّغة العربيّة |
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Sound Masculine Plural Nouns Irregular Perfective Conjugation Irregular Imperfective Conjugation Inactive Particles Vocative Particles Praise & Disparagement Participle-like Adjectives Place-nouns Tool-nouns Diminutives
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Incomplete Verbs
Incomplete verbs الأَفْعَاْلُ النَّاْقِصَةُ (or الأَفْعَاْلُ النَّاْسِخَةُ = canceling verbs) are verbs which give incomplete meanings if they were expressed alone. Example, let's take the verb "to be." Verb - Subject كَاْنَ الْوَلَدُ kaan(a) ('a)l-walad(u) = was/existed the boy Translation: the boy was/existed The Arabic verb kaan(a) = was/existed can be both a complete and an incomplete verb. If the verb was understood as a complete verb, the meaning of the last sentence will be: The boy existed And this is a complete sentence with a complete meaning. If the same verb was understood as an incomplete verb, the meaning of the same sentence will become: The boy was And this is not a complete sentence with a complete meaning, because we don't know what the boy was. So in order for that sentence to make sense if the verb was meant as incomplete, we have to add an additional word. That word can be many things, a noun, a verb, a prepositional phrase, etc. Example: Verb - Subject - Adverb كَاْنَ الْوَلَدُ سَعِيْدًا kaan(a) ('a)l-walad(u) sa"eeda(n) = was/existed the boy happily Translation: the boy was happy The rule in Arabic is that if we add a noun to complete the meaning of an incomplete verb, that noun must be in the accusative case ('an-nasb). In other words, that noun will be an adverb. Therefore, the verb kaan(a) can be either a complete or an incomplete verb depending on whether an adverb is added to the sentence or not. Other things than nouns can be added and they will also serve as adverbs for an incomplete verb. Examples: Verb - Subject - Prepositional Phrase كَاْنَ الْوَلَدُ فِيْ الْحَدِيْقَةِ kaan(a) ('a)l-walad(u) fee ('a)l-hadeeqa(ti) = was the boy in the park/yard Translation: the boy was in the park
Verb - Subject - Adverb سَتَكُوْنُ الْسَّمَاْءُ صَاْفِيَةً sa-takoon(u) ('a)s-samaa'(u) saafiya(tan) = will be/exist the sky clearly Translation: the sky will be clear
Verb - Subject - Prepositional Phrase ظَلَّ الْوَلَدُ فِيْ الْحَدِيْقَةِ zall(a) ('a)l-walad(u) fee ('a)l-hadeeqa(ti) = stayed the boy in the park/yard Translation: the boy stayed in the park
Verb - Subject - Adverb يَظَلُّ الطِّفْلُ حَزِيْنًا عِنْدَمَاْ تَغِيْبُ أُمُّهُ yazall(u) ('a)t-tifl(u) hazeena(n) "inda-maa tareeb(u) 'ummu-h(u) = stays the child unhappily when is absent (the) mother (of) him Translation: the child stays unhappy when his mother is not there
Verb - Subject - Verb بَقِيَ الْوَلَدُ يَلْعَبُ baqiy(a) ('a)l-walad(u) yal"ab(u) = kept the boy playing Translation: the boy kept playing
There are several verbs in Arabic that can be both complete and incomplete verbs. There are also others that can only be incomplete but not complete. An example of a verb that can be only an incomplete verb: ( maa zaal(a) مَاْ زَاْلَ = not left = be still / remain ) this verb is only used negated.
Verb - Subject - Adverb مَاْ زَاْلَ الْوَلَدُ سَعِيْدًا maa zaal(a) ('a)l-walad(u) sa"eeda(n) = remain the boy happily Translation: the boy is still happy The verb zaal(a) (imperfective: yazaal(u) يَزَاْلُ ) is never used except combined with a negative particle; usually it is maa so it will become maa zaal(a). This verb means "be still" or "remain". It is an incomplete verb that is never used without a complementary adverb. Example: Verb - Subject مَاْ زَاْلَ الْوَلَدُ maa zaal(a) ('a)l-walad(u) = remain the boy ... Translation: the boy is still ... (incomplete sentence) Although this sentence has both a subject and a verb, it is not a full sentence and it lacks meaning. There are two verbs in Arabic that are strictly incomplete (they always need an adverb):
Manageability التَّصَرُّفُ refers to whether the verb has imperfective and imperative structures (see Frozen Verbs).
Arabic verbs that can be both incomplete & complete are many.
I. Fully Manageable Verbs
II. Partially Manageable Verbs
III. Frozen Verbs
Examples: Verb - Subject - Adverb أَصْبَحَ الثَّلْجُ مَاْءً 'asbah(a) ('a)th-thalj(u) maa'a(n) = became the ice water Translation: the ice became water or: the ice has become water *If someone is wondering how the word "water" can be an adverb, the literal meaning of the sentence will make it clear, "the ice entered the morning time as water."
Verb - Subject - Adverb سَيُصْبِحُ الثَّلْجُ مَاْءً sa-yusbih(u) ('a)th-thalj(u) maa'a(n) = will became the ice water Translation: the ice will become water
Verb - Subject - Adverb أَمْسَىْ الْوَضْعُ خَطِيْرًا 'amsaa ('a)l-wad"(u) khateera(n) = became the situation dangerously Translation: the situation became dangerous or: the situation has become dangerous
Verb - Hiding Subject - Preposition لَنْ أَذْهَبَ مَاْ دَاْمَ هُنَاْكَ lan 'athhab(a) maa daam(a) hunaak(a) = (I) will not go since that/as long as (he) (is) there Translation: I will not go since that he is there or: I will not go as long as he is there
Verb - Attached Subject - Prepositional Phrase سَأُسَاْعُدُكَ مَاْ دُمْتَ بِحَاْجَتِيْ sa-'usaa"idu-k(a) maa dumt(a) bi-haajati-y = (I) will help you since that/as long as (you) (are) in (the) need (of) me Translation: I will help you since that you need me or: I will help you as long as you need me
The meanings of incomplete verbs that are used in negative forms will not necessarily change with change from the perfective to the imperfective, except with the particle lan- which is used solely for negation of future events.
Examples: Verb - Subject - Verb مَاْ فَتِئَ سَعِيْدٌ يُحَاْوِلُ النَّجَاْحَ maa fati'(a) sa"eed(un) yuhaawil(u) ('a)n-najaah(a) = (he) is always Sa'id trying to succeed Translation: Sa'id is always trying to succeed * النَّجَاْحَ is a verbal noun or an infinitive.
Verb - Subject - Verb مَاْ يَفْتَئُ سَعِيْدٌ يُحَاْوِلُ النَّجَاْحَ maa yafta'(u) sa"eed(un) yuhaawil(u) ('a)n-najaah(a) = (he) is always Sa'id trying to succeed Translation: Sa'id is always trying to succeed
Other incomplete verbs such as عَاْدَ can have variant meanings depending on whether they are negative or not.
Examples: Verb - Subject - Adverb مَاْ عَاْدَتِ الْحَيَاْةُ صَعْبَةً maa "aadat(i) ('a)l-hayaat(u) sa"bata(n) = no longer is the life (fem.) hardly Translation: life is no longer hard
Verb - Subject - Adverb لَمْ تَعُدِ الْحَيَاْةُ صَعْبَةً lam ta"ud(i) ('a)l-hayaat(u) sa"bata(n) = no longer is the life (fem.) hardly Translation: life is no longer hard
Verb - Subject - Adverb لَنْ تَعُوْدَ الْحَيَاْةُ سَهْلَةً lan ta"ood(a) ('a)l-hayaat(u) sahlata(n) = no longer will be the life (fem.) easily Translation: life will no longer be easy
The subject of an incomplete verb is called in Arabic: "the noun of the incomplete verb" اِسْمُ الْفِعْلِ النَّاْقِصِ . The adverb of an incomplete verb is called in Arabic: "the predicate of the incomplete verb" خَبَرُ الْفِعْلِ النَّاْقِصِ . This predicate can be a noun, a verb, a prepositional phrase, etc. Incomplete verbs can be often called "kaan(a) and her sisters" كَاْنَ وَأَخَوَاْتُهَاْ .
We mentioned before that the verb "to be" in Arabic does not show up in sentences in the present tense. However, we will still see an imperfective structure of this verb showing up in many sentences in Arabic (yakoon(u)). How is that possible? The answer is that, as we mentioned before in the verb section, the imperfective structure can mean both the present and the future tenses. So the structure yakoon(u) does not actually mean "is," rather it means "will be." Nonetheless, this does not mean that the sentence would necessarily be a future tense sentence, even if the verb "be" itself were a future verb. Think of the following sentence: The wetter the road conditions, the harder it will be for a vehicle to stop. This sentence contains a verb "be" in the future tense, however, it is not really talking about any future events. This sentence is only stating a general fact of life. The same it is for Arabic sentences; had we had a simple indicative sentence, we would use the verb "be" in the present tense (i.e. not use it at all). On the other hand, if we had a sentence that is stating a general fact or describing some kind of customary behavior, we would use the verb "be" in the future tense (the imperfective, yakoon(u)). However, it should be noted that the future particles sa- and sawfa cannot be used in this case, because those are only used for actual future events. In summary, the verb "be" does not exist in the present tense. The imperfective structure would be describing a future action if it were preceded by a future particle ( sa- or sawfa). If it were not preceded by a future particle, it would often confer a "declarative" tone on the sentence, as in stating a general fact or describing a customary behavior. Example: الجَّوُّ مُشْمِسٌ فِيْ الصَّيْفِ ('a)l-jaww(u) mushmisu(n) fee ('a)s-sayf(i) = the weather (is) sunny in the summer Translation: the weather is sunny in summer
Verb - Subject - Adverb يَكُوْنُ الجَّوُّ مُشْمِسًا فِيْ الصَّيْفِ yakoon(u) ('a)l-jaww(u) mushmisa(n) fee ('a)s-sayf(i) = will be the weather sunny in the summer Translation: ≈ the weather is usually sunny in summer
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