Verbs
Imperfective
Structures
Conjugation of Irregular Verbs
(continued)
For description of irregular verb types,
you may go here
3) Hollow Verbs
Hollow verbs are verbs
whose second original letter is a weak letter.
Unlike the perfective hollow verbs, imperfective
hollow verbs will not always transform the middle weak
letter (the w
or y) into
a weak 'alif.
As was explained before, this transformation happens only when the short
vowel preceding the weak letter is a short A. Whereas this is always the
case in the perfective, in the imperfective this vowel is changeable and
thus
the weak letter will not be always transformed
into a weak A.
►Form I
Form I hollow verbs have a
displaced-back
short vowel in the imperfective. This vowel is
the changeable green short of the imperfective
verbs.
Thus, these verbs will have a changeable middle long vowel depending on
the green vowel of the verb.
Example:
قَاْلَ
qaal(a)
(He) said
The root is
:
ق و ل
Q W L
By applying the root to
the imperfective formula of form I, we get:
|
(He) says |
yaqwul(u) |
يَقْوُلُ |
As we said when we
defined the hollow verbs in this page,
the combination -CCvC becomes -CvCC in the hollow and doubled verbs. So form I
imperfective verbs belong to the second type of those verbs, in which
the short vowel following the weak letter will be displaced back
rather than omitted. This is different from the perfective form I hollow
and doubled verbs which are ones with an omitted short vowel.
So the verb will become:
|
(He) says |
yaquwl(u)
= yaqool(u) |
يَقُوْلُ |
The verb has a long U
vowel in the middle, corresponding to the green vowel
u.
The full conjugation:
|
|
المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ
Indicative Imperfective
(Active Voice)
قَاْلَ
:
فَـعَـلَ |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
say |
'aquwl(u) |
أَقُوْلُ |
|
(You masc.) say |
taquwl(u) |
تَقُوْلُ |
|
(You fem.) say |
taquwleen(a) |
تَقُوْلِيْنَ |
|
(He) says |
yaquwl(u) |
يَقُوْلُ |
|
(She) says |
taquwl(u) |
تَقُوْلُ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You) say |
taquwlaan(i) |
تَقُوْلانِ |
|
(They masc.) say |
yaquwlaan(i) |
يَقُوْلانِ |
|
(They fem.) say |
taquwlaan(i) |
تَقُوْلانِ |
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.) say |
naquwl(u) |
نَقُوْلُ |
|
(You masc.) say |
taquwloon(a) |
تَقُوْلُوْنَ |
|
(You fem.) say |
taquln(a) |
تَقُلْنَ |
|
(They masc.) say |
yaquwloon(a) |
يَقُوْلُوْنَ |
|
(They fem.) say |
yaquln(a) |
يَقُلْنَ |
Notice that the middle long vowel (uw
=
oo)
becomes the corresponding short vowel (u)
in the feminine plural conjugations. This will happen with all the imperfective hollow verbs when
are in these conjugations.
Another example:
بَاْعَ
baa"(a)
(He) sold
The root is:
B Y "
ب
ي
ع
By applying the root to
the imperfective formula of form I, we get:
|
(He) sells |
yabyi"(u) |
يَبْيِعُ |
By displacing the
i
backward, we get:
|
(He) sells |
yabiy"(u)
=
yabee"(u) |
يَبِيْعُ |
The verb has a long I
vowel in the middle, corresponding to the green vowel
i.
Full conjugation:
|
|
المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ
Indicative Imperfective
(Active Voice)
بَاْعَ :
فَـعَـلَ
|
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
sell |
'abiy"(u) |
أَبِيْعُ |
|
(You masc.) sell |
tabiy"(u) |
تَبِيْعُ |
|
(You fem.) sell |
tabiy"een(a) |
تَبِيْعِيْنَ |
|
(He) sells |
yabiy"(u) |
يَبِيْعُ |
|
(She) sells |
tabiy"(u) |
تَبِيْعُ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You) sell |
tabiy"aan(i) |
تَبِيْعَاْنِ |
|
(They masc.) sell |
yabiy"aan(i) |
يَبِيْعَاْنِ |
|
(They fem.) sell |
tabiy"aan(i) |
تَبِيْعَاْنِ |
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.) sell |
nabiy"(u) |
نَبِيْعُ |
|
(You masc.) sell |
tabiy"oon(a) |
تَبِيْعُوْنَ |
|
(You fem.) sell |
tabi"n(a) |
تَبِعْنَ |
|
(They masc.) sell |
yabiy"oon(a) |
يَبِيْعُوْنَ |
|
(They fem.) sell |
yabi"n(a) |
يَبِعْنَ |
The
middle long vowel (iy
=
ee)
becomes the corresponding short vowel (i)
in the feminine plural conjugations.
Now we will take an
a
verb:
خَاْفَ
khaaf(a)
(He) feared
The root is:
KH W F
خ و ف
By applying the root to
the imperfective formula of form I, we get:
|
(He) fears |
yakhwaf(u) |
يَخْوَفُ |
By displacing the
a
backward, we get:
|
(He) fears |
yakhawf(u) |
يَخَوْفُ |
We mentioned
before the rule of
aw
→
aa
,
ay
→
aa. By applying this rule here, we get:
|
(He) fears |
yakhaaf(u) |
يَخَاْفُ |
So whether the original weak letter is w
or y,
we will always get a long A (aa)
in the middle of an
a imperfective hollow verb.
The full conjugation:
|
|
المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ
Indicative Imperfective
(Active Voice)
خَاْفَ :
فَـعَـلَ
|
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
fear |
'akhaaf(u) |
أَخَاْفُ |
|
(You masc.) fear |
takhaaf(u) |
تَخَاْفُ |
|
(You fem.) fear |
takhaafeen(a) |
تَخَاْفِيْنَ |
|
(He) fears |
yakhaaf(u) |
يَخَاْفُ |
|
(She) fears |
takhaaf(u) |
تَخَاْفُ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You) fear |
takhaafaan(i) |
تَخَاْفَاْنِ |
|
(They masc.) fear |
yakhaafaan(i) |
يَخَاْفَاْنِ |
|
(They fem.) fear |
takhaafaan(i) |
تَخَاْفَاْنِ |
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.) fear |
nakhaaf(u) |
نَخَاْفُ |
|
(You masc.) fear |
takhaafoon(a) |
تَخَاْفُوْنَ |
|
(You fem.) fear |
takhafn(a) |
تَخَفْنَ |
|
(They masc.) fear |
yakhaafoon(a) |
يَخَاْفُوْنَ |
|
(They fem.) fear |
yakhafn(a) |
يَخَفْنَ |
The
middle long vowel (aa)
becomes the corresponding short vowel (a)
in the feminine plural conjugations.
Imperfective hollow verbs whose middle weak
letter is w
are always verbs
u or
a verbs, but not
i verbs. Imperfective
hollow verbs whose middle weak letter is
y
are always verbs
i or
a verbs, but not
u verbs.
|
Hollow
Verb Conjugation
(Form I) |
|
Original
Form |
Actual
Form |
|
yafwul(u) |
yafuwl(u) |
|
yafyul(u)
does not exist |
|
yafyil(u) |
yafiyl(u) |
|
yafwil(u)
does not exist |
|
yafwal(u) |
yafaal(u) |
|
yafyal(u) |
|
Fawal(a)→
yafuwl(u) |
|
دَاْخَ |
خَاْنَ |
جَاْلَ |
ثَاْرَ |
تَاْقَ |
تَاْبَ |
|
رَاْحَ |
ذَاْقَ |
ذَاْبَ |
دَاْمَ |
دَاْسَ |
دَاْرَ |
|
سَاْقَ |
سَاْدَ |
سَاْءَ |
زَاْلَ |
زَاْرَ |
رَاْمَ |
|
غَاْرَ |
عَاْدَ |
طَاْلَ |
طَاْفَ |
صَاْنَ |
صَاْمَ |
|
قَاْدَ |
فَاْقَ |
فَاْزَ |
فَاْرَ |
فَاْتَ |
غَاْصَ |
|
مَاْتَ |
لامَ |
لاذَ |
لاحَ |
قَاْمَ |
قَاْلَ |
|
|
|
|
هَاْنَ |
نَاْحَ |
نَاْبَ |
|
Fayal(a)→
yafiyl(u) |
|
زَاْنَ |
ذَاْعَ |
جَاْءَ |
تَاْهَ |
بَاْتَ |
|
شَاْخَ |
شَاْبَ |
سَاْلَ |
سَاْرَ |
سَاْحَ |
|
ضَاْعَ |
صَاْرَ |
صَاْدَ |
صَاْحَ |
شَاْعَ |
|
عَاْشَ |
عَاْبَ |
طَاْرَ |
طَاْبَ |
ضَاْقَ |
|
|
هَاْجَ |
مَاْلَ |
مَاْعَ |
غَاْبَ |
|
Fa"il(a)→
yafaal(u) |
|
yanaam(u) |
يَنَاْمُ |
naam(a) |
نَاْمَ |
|
(he) sleeps |
(he) slept |
|
yakhaaf(u) |
يَخَاْفُ |
khaaf(a) |
خَاْفَ |
|
(he) fears |
(he) feared |
|
yashaa'(u) |
يَشَاْءُ |
naal(a) |
شَاْءَ |
|
(he) wants |
(he) wanted |
|
yanaal(u) |
يَنْاَلُ |
naal(a) |
نَاْلَ |
|
(he) gets |
(he) got |
|
yahaab(u) |
يَهَاْبُ |
haab(a) |
هَاْبَ |
|
(he) becomes awed |
(he) was/became awed |
|
yaraar(u) |
يَغَاْرُ |
raar(a) |
غَاْرَ |
|
(he)
becomes jealous |
(he)
was/became jealous
|
|
yakhaal(u) |
يَخْاَلُ |
khaal(a) |
خَاْلَ |
|
(he) thinks (object) to be
takes two object |
(he) thought (object) to be
takes two object |
|
yakaad(u) |
يَكَاْدُ |
kaad(a) |
كَاْدَ |
|
(he) is about to (do)
verb of approach |
(he) almost (did)
verb of approach |
Now let us conjugate the rest of the
verb forms.
The verb forms other than form I that can be hollow verbs are forms IV,
VII, VIII & X. To conjugate those, one will need to keep in mind the
differentiation between the forms with an omitted short vowel (-CvCvC → -CvCC)
and the forms with a displaced-back short vowel (-CCvC → -CvCC).
|
Conjugation of Hollow Verbs |
|
Perfective |
Imperfective |
|
Forms I,
VII, VIII |
omitted short vowel |
Forms
VII, VIII |
omitted short vowel |
|
Forms IV, X |
displaced-back short vowel |
Forms I, IV, X |
displaced-back short vowel |
►Forms VII & VIII
Example,
اِنْقَاْدَ
'inqaad(a)
(he) was/became led
The root is:
Q W D
ق و د
By applying the root to
the imperfective formula of form VII, we get:
|
(He) becomes led |
yanqawid(u) |
يَنْقَوِدُ |
By omitting the
i,
we get:
|
(He) becomes led |
yanqawd(u) |
يَنْقَوْدُ |
By applying the rule of
aw
→
aa,
we get the final form:
|
(He) becomes led |
yanqaad(u) |
يَنْقَاْدُ |
The same would be true for
ay
→
aa.
Thus, these verbs will always have a middle long A instead of the weak
letter and the green vowel following it. The same process will be applied
to form VIII hollow verbs.
The full conjugation:
|
|
المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ
Indicative Imperfective
(Active Voice)
اِنْقَاْدَ :
اِنْفَعَلَ
|
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
become led |
'anqaad(u) |
أَنْقَاْدُ |
|
(You masc.) become
led |
tanqaad(u) |
تَنْقَاْدُ |
|
(You fem.) become
led |
tanqaadeen(a) |
تَنْقَاْدِيْنَ |
|
(He) becomes led |
yanqaad(u) |
يَنْقَاْدُ |
|
(She) becomes led |
tanqaad(u) |
تَنْقَاْدُ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You masc.) become led |
tanqaadaan(i) |
تَنْقَاْدَاْنِ |
|
(They masc.) become
led |
yanqaadaan(i) |
يَنْقَاْدَاْنِ |
|
(They fem.) become
led |
tanqaadaan(i) |
تَنْقَاْدَاْنِ |
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.)
become led |
nanqaad(u) |
نَنْقَاْدُ |
|
(You masc.) become
led |
tanqaadoon(a) |
تَنْقَاْدُوْنَ |
|
(You fem.) become
led |
tanqadn(a) |
تَنْقَدْنَ |
|
(They masc.) become
led |
yanqaadoon(a) |
يَنْقَاْدُوْنَ |
|
(They fem.) become
led |
yanqadn(a) |
يَنْقَدْنَ |
As it is always, the
middle long vowel (aa)
becomes the corresponding short vowel (a)
in the feminine plural conjugations.
►Forms IV & X
Example,
أَرَاْدَ
'araad(a)
(he) wanted
The root is :
ر و د
R W DI
By applying the root to
the imperfective formula of form IV, we get:
|
(He) wants |
yurwid(u) |
يُرْوِدُ |
By displacing the
a
backward, we get:
|
(He) wants |
yuriwd(u) |
يُرِوْدُ |
Knowing that
iw becomes
iy
in hollow verbs, we get the final from:
|
(He) wants |
yuriyd(u) |
يُرِيْدُ |
Thus, these verbs will always have a middle
long I in their middles. The same
is true for form X hollow verbs.
The full conjugation:
|
|
المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ
Indicative Imperfective
(Active Voice)
أَرَاْدَ :
أَفْعَلَ |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
want |
'uriyd(u) |
أُرِيْدُ |
|
(You masc.) want |
turiyd(u) |
تُرِيْدُ |
|
(You fem.) want |
turiydeen(a) |
تُرِيْدِيْنَ |
|
(He) wants |
yuriyd(u) |
يُرِيْدُ |
|
(She) wants |
turiyd(u) |
تُرِيْدُ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You) want |
turiydaan(i) |
تُرِيْدَاْنِ |
|
(They masc.) want |
yariydaan(i) |
يُرِيْدَاْنِ |
|
(They fem.) want |
turiydaan(i) |
تُرِيْدَاْنِ |
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.) want |
nuriyd(u) |
نُرِيْدُ |
|
(You masc.) want |
turiydoon(a) |
تُرِيْدُوْنَ |
|
(You fem.) want |
turidn(a) |
تُرِدْنَ |
|
(They masc.) want |
yuriydoon(a) |
يُرِيْدُوْنَ |
|
(They fem.) want |
yuridn(a) |
يُرِدْنَ |
|
Conjugation of Hollow Verbs |
|
All
conjugations except the plural feminine |
Plural
feminine conjugations |
|
Middle
long vowel |
Middle
short vowel |
|
-fool- |
-ful- |
|
-feel- |
-fil- |
|
-faal- |
-fal- |
|
Conjugation of Hollow Verbs |
|
Form
I |
-f"ul- |
-fool- |
|
-f"il- |
-feel- |
|
-f"al- |
-faal- |
|
Form
VII |
-faal- |
|
Form
VIII |
|
Form
IV |
-feel- |
|
Form
X |
Extra Note: Modern vs.
Classical Arabic
"Classical Arabic" refers
to the dialects of Arabic that were spoken from about the 6th to the 9th
century. Modern formal or standard Arabic is a modernized form of Arabic
that is primarily derived from classical western Arabian Arabic; it began during the Arab renaissance era in the 19th century and was
called then
اللُّغَةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ
الْفُصْحَىْ
= "the most eloquent
Arabic language."
Classical Arabic is much
more diverse and rich in vocabulary than modern Arabic. One example of
this appears in verb conjugation.
For the example, the verb:
مَاْتَ
maat(a)
(He) died
Root:
M W T
م و ت
This is an
u
verb in Modern Arabic. The imperfective
is:
يَمُوْتُ
yamuwt(u)
(He) dies
However, in Classical
Arabic, this same verb could also be an
i
or
a
verb, so it had three
variant forms:
|
"(He) dies" |
|
Classical Arabic |
Modern Standard Arabic |
|
yamuwt(u) |
yamuwt(u) |
|
yamiyt(u) |
|
yamaat(u) |
4) Defective Verbs
Defective verbs are verbs
whose last original letter is a weak letter.
Defective imperfective verbs can end
with
ى
or with apparent
ي y
or
و w.
They cannot end with
ا
as there is no imperfective verb with less than four letters.
Imperfective defective
verbs are similar to the perfective ones in that the vowel preceding the
final weak letter will determine its form. The general rule is similar to
that of the imperfective hollow verbs:
-
If the final original weak
letter (the w
or y)
is preceded by an
u
, the ending of the verb will be -uw
(the
corresponding long vowel).
-
If the final original weak
letter is
preceded by an
i
, the ending of the verb will be -iy.
-
If the final original weak
letter is
preceded by an
a,
it will be changed to a weak A, and the ending of the verb will be -aa.
Because form I defective
verbs can have
u,
i
or
a
before the final weak letter, they can end with -uw,
-iy
or -aa,
respectively. The rest of the forms can be classified as follows:
-
Yu-i
Verbs (forms II, III, IV, & QI):
always have
i, so always end with
-iy.
-
Ya-a
Verbs (forms V, VI & QII): always
have
a, so always end with
-aa.
-
Ya-i
Verbs (the rest of the forms): always
have
i, so always end with
-iy.
I. Verbs
Ending With
-iy
/
-uw
►Form I
Example, perfective:
نَمَاْ
namaa
(He) grew
(intr.)
The root is:
ن م وN M W
I
By applying the root to
the imperfective formula of form I, we get:
|
(He) grows |
yanmuw(u) |
يَنْمُوُ |
Since the green vowel is
u,
the ending of the verb will be -uw
.
The final
-u
(the
mood-sign)
will be
deleted because a long vowel cannot be followed by any vowel:
|
(He) grows |
yanmuw |
يَنْمُوْ |
The mood-sign is said to
be "estimated"
مُقَدَّرَةٌ
in this case, which means it is "imagined" to be there but it is not apparent.
For the rest of the
conjugations, the only irregularity is that the final long vowel will be
deleted in the 2nd person feminine singular and the masculine plural
conjugations.
|
|
المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ
Indicative Imperfective
(Active Voice)
نَمَاْ :
فَـعَـلَ |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
grow |
'anmuw |
أَنْمُوْ |
|
(You masc.) grow |
tanmuw |
تَنْمُوْ |
|
(You fem.) grow |
tanmeen(a) |
تَنْمِيْنَ |
|
(He) grows |
yanmuw |
يَنْمُوْ |
|
(She) grows |
tanmuw |
تَنْمُوْ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You) grow |
tanmuwaan(i) |
تَنْمُوَاْنِ |
|
(They masc.) grow |
yanmuwaan(i) |
يَنْمُوَاْنِ |
|
(They fem.) grow |
tanmuwaan(i) |
تَنْمُوَاْنِ |
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.) grow |
nanmuw |
نَنْمُوْ |
|
(You masc.) grow |
tanmoon(a) |
تَنْمُوْنَ |
|
(You fem.) grow |
tanmuwn(a) |
تَنْمُوْنَ |
|
(They masc.) grow |
yanmoon(a) |
يَنْمُوْنَ |
|
(They fem.) grow |
yanmuwn(a) |
يَنْمُوْنَ |
Another example:
بَكَىْ
bakaa
(He) cried
The root is:
ب
ك
يB
K Y
I
By applying the root to
the imperfective formula of form I, we get:
|
(He) cries |
yabkiy(u) |
يَبْكِيُ |
Since the green vowel is
i,
the ending of the verb will be -iy.
The final
-u
will be
deleted because a long vowel cannot be followed by any vowel:
|
(He) cries |
yabkiy |
يَبْكِيْ |
The case-sign is said to
be "estimated"
مُقَدَّرَةٌ
in this case, which means it is imagined to be there but not apparent.
For the rest of the
conjugations, the only irregularity is that the final long vowel will be deleted in the 2nd person
feminine singular and the masculine plural conjugations.
|
|
المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ
Indicative Imperfective
(Active Voice)
بَكَىْ :
فَـعَـلَ |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
cry |
'abkiy |
أَبْكِيْ |
|
(You masc.) cry |
tabkiy |
تَبْكِيْ |
|
(You fem.) cry |
tabkeen(a) |
تَبْكِيْنَ |
|
(He) cries |
yabkiy |
يَبْكِيْ |
|
(She) cries |
tabkiy |
تَنْمُوْ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You) cry |
tabkiyaan(i) |
تَبْكِيَاْنِ |
|
(They masc.) cry |
yabkiyaan(i) |
يَبْكِيَاْنِ |
|
(They fem.) cry |
tabkiyaan(i) |
تَبْكِيَاْنِ |
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.) cry |
nabkiy |
نَبْكِيْ |
|
(You masc.) cry |
tabkoon(a) |
تَبْكُوْنَ |
|
(You fem.) cry |
tabkiyn(a) |
تَبْكِيْنَ |
|
(They masc.) cry |
yabkoon(a) |
يَبْكُوْنَ |
|
(They fem.) cry |
yabkiyn(a) |
يَبْكِيْنَ |
Try conjugating the
following
u
verb:
سَمَاْ
samaa
(He)
rose solemnly
|
|
المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ
Indicative Imperfective
(Active Voice)
سَمَاْ :
فَعَلَ |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
rise |
'asmuw |
أَسْمُوْ |
|
(You masc.) rise |
tasmuw |
تَسْمُوْ |
|
(You fem.) rise |
tasmeen(a) |
تَسْمِيْنَ |
|
(He) rises |
yasmuw |
يَسْمُوْ |
|
(She) rises |
tasmuw |
تَسْمُوْ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You) rise |
tasmuwaan(i) |
تَسْمُوَاْنِ |
|
(They masc.) rise |
yasmuwaan(i) |
يَسْمُوَاْنِ |
|
(They fem.) rise |
tasmuwaan(i) |
تَسْمُوَاْنِ |
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.) rise |
nasmuw |
نَسْمُوْ |
|
(You masc.) rise |
tasmoon(a) |
تَسْمُوْنَ |
|
(You fem.) rise |
tasmuwn(a) |
تَسْمُوْنَ |
|
(They masc.) rise |
yasmoon(a) |
يَسْمُوْنَ |
|
(They fem.) rise |
yasmuwn(a) |
يَسْمُوْنَ |
Form I perfective verbs
ending with -aa
that is transformed from
-aw
(ـَاْ
) often end
with -uw
in the imperfective, and
sometimes -aa
(ـَىْ
). Verbs whose endings in the perfective are
-aa
that are transformed from
-ay
(ـَىْ
) often end
with -iy
in the
imperfective, and sometimes -aa
(ـَىْ
). Note that in words with more than three letters, a final weak A will be
always transcribed as
(ـَىْ
).
►Forms Other Than Form I
Imperfective defective
verbs of forms other than form I will all end with -iy
except forms V, VI & QII which
will end with -aa.
There are no forms that can end with -uw
other than form I.
Example, form VIII perfective:
اِنْتَهَىْ
'intahaa
(He) ended, finished
The root is:
ن هـ يN H Y
I
By applying the root to
the imperfective formula of form
VIII, we get:
|
(He) finishes |
yantahiy(u) |
يَنْتَهِيُ |
The final
-u
is deleted
because a long vowel cannot be followed by any vowel:
|
(He) finishes |
yantahiy |
يَنْتَهِيْ |
For the rest of the
conjugations, the only irregularity is that the final long vowel will be deleted in the 2nd person
feminine singular and the masculine plural conjugations.
|
|
المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ
Indicative Imperfective
(Active Voice)
اِنْتَهَىْ :
اِفْتَعَلَ |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
finish |
'antahiy |
أَنْتَهِيْ |
|
(You masc.) finish |
tantahiy |
تَنْتَهِيْ |
|
(You fem.) finish |
tantaheen(a) |
تَنْتَهِِيْنَ |
|
(He) finishes |
yantahiy |
يَنْتَهِيْ |
|
(She) finishes |
tantahiy |
تَنْتَهِيْ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You) finish |
tantahiyaan(i) |
تَنْتَهِيَاْنِ |
|
(They masc.) finish |
yantahiyaan(i) |
يَنْتَهِيَاْنِ |
|
(They fem.) finish |
tantahiyaan(i) |
تَنْتَهِيَاْنِ |
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.)
finish |
nantahiy |
نَنْتَهِيْ |
|
(You masc.) finish |
tantahoon(a) |
تَنْتَهُوْنَ |
|
(You fem.) finish |
tantahiyn(a) |
تَنْتَهِيْنَ |
|
(They masc.) finish |
yantahoon(a) |
يَنْتَهُوْنَ |
|
(They fem.) finish |
yantahiyn(a) |
يَنْتَهِيْنَ |
The conjugation process of
form VIII defective verbs is the same for all the verb forms except forms
V, VI & QII which end with
-aa.
II. Verbs
Ending With
-aa
Those can only be forms
V, VI or QII, in addition to form I verbs that have
a
after the second root-letter. They end
only with
ى
but not
ا
as there is no imperfective verb with less than four letters. In the dual
and feminine plural conjugations, the
ى
will be always transformed
to y
regardless of
its true origin.
►Form I
Example:
نَسِيَ
nasiy(a)
(He) forgot
The
root is :
ن س يN S Y
I
By applying the root to
the imperfective formula of form I, we get:
|
(He) forgets |
yansay(u) |
يَنْسَيُ |
Since the green vowel is
a,
the weak letter
y
will become a weak A, and the final
-u
will be
deleted because a long vowel cannot be followed by any vowel:
|
(He) forgets |
yansaa |
يَنْسَىْ |
For the 2nd person
feminine singular conjugation, the final weak A will be deleted, but the
short
a
before the deleted weak A will be preserved,
thus making the resultant suffix
-ayn(a)
rather
than
-iyn(a).
|
(He) forgets |
yansaa |
يَنْسَىْ |
|
(Thou fem.) forgets |
tansaaiyn(a) |
تَنْسَىِيْنَ
|
|
(Thou fem.) forgets |
tansayn(a) |
تَنْسَيْنَ |
For the masculine plural
conjugations, the final weak A will be deleted, but the short
a
before it will
not, thus making the resultant suffix
-awn(a)
rather
than
-uwn(a).
|
(He) forgets |
yansaa |
يَنْسَىْ |
|
(They masc.) forget |
yansaauwn(a) |
يَنْسَاُوْنَ
|
|
(They masc.) forget |
yansawn(a) |
يَنْسَوْنَ |
For the dual and feminine
plural conjugations, the final weak A will be transformed to
y
when adding the suffixes.
|
(He) forgets |
yansaa |
يَنْسَىْ |
|
(They two) forget |
yansaaaan(i) |
يَنْسَاَاْنِ
|
|
(They two) forget |
yansayaan(i) |
يَنْسَيَاْنِ |
|
(He) forgets |
yansaa |
يَنْسَىْ |
|
(They fem.) forget |
yansaan(a) |
يَنْسَاْنَ
|
|
(They fem.) forget |
yansayn(a) |
يَنْسَيْنَ |
The full conjugation:
|
|
المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ
Indicative Imperfective
(Active Voice)
نَسِيَ :
فَعِلَ |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
forget |
'ansaa |
أَنْسَىْ |
|
(You masc.) forget |
tansaa |
تَنْسَىْ |
|
(You fem.) forget |
tansayn(a) |
تنْسَيْنَ |
|
(He) forgets |
yansaa |
يَنْسَىْ |
|
(She) forgets |
tansaa |
تَنْسَىْ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You) forget |
tansayaan(i) |
تَنْسَيَاْنِ |
|
(They masc.) forget |
yansayaan(i) |
يَنْسَيَاْنِ |
|
(They fem.) forget |
tansayaan(i) |
تَنْسَيَاْنِ |
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.)
forget |
nansaa |
نَنْسَىْ |
|
(You masc.) forget |
tansawn(a) |
تَنْسَوْنَ |
|
(You fem.) forget |
tansayn(a) |
تَنْسَيْنَ |
|
(They masc.) forget |
yansawn(a) |
يَنْسَوْنَ |
|
(They fem.) forget |
yansayn(a) |
يَنْسَيْنَ |
Form I perfective verbs
ending with -iy(a)
often
end with -aa
(ـَىْ
) in the imperfective.
Verbs whose endings are
-uw(a)
in the perfective are very rare and end with
-uw
in the
imperfective.
►Forms Other Than Form I
Example, form V
perfective:
تَمَنَّىْ
tamannaa
(He) wished
The
root is :
م
ن
يM
N Y
I
By applying the root to
the imperfective formula of form V, we get:
|
(He) wishes |
yatamannay(u) |
يَتَمَنَّيُ |
Since the green vowel is
a,
the weak letter
y
will become a weak A, and the final
-u
will be
deleted because a long vowel cannot be followed by any vowel:
|
(He) wishes |
yatamannaa |
يَتَمَنَّىْ |
The rest of conjugations
are like those explained above for form I ending with
-aa.
|
|
المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ
Indicative Imperfective
(Active Voice)
تَمَنَّىْ :
تَفَعَّلَ |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
wish |
'atamannaa |
أَتَمَنَّىْ |
|
(You masc.) wish |
tatamannaa |
تََتَمَنَّىْ |
|
(You fem.) wish |
tatamannayn(a) |
تَتَمَنَّيْنَ |
|
(He) wishes |
yatamannaa |
يَتَمَنَّىْ |
|
(She) wishes |
tatamannaa |
تََتَمَنَّىْ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You) wish |
tatamannayaan(i) |
تََتَمَنَّيَاْنِ |
|
(They masc.) wish |
yatamannayaan(i) |
يَتَمَنَّيَاْنِ |
|
(They fem.) wish |
tatamannayaan(i) |
تََتَمَنَّيَاْنِ |
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.) wish |
natamannaa |
نََتَمَنَّىْ |
|
(You masc.) wish |
tatamannawn(a) |
تََتَمَنَّوْنَ |
|
(You fem.) wish |
tatamannayn(a) |
تََتَمَنَّيْنَ |
|
(They masc.) wish |
yatamannawn(a) |
يَتَمَنَّوْنَ |
|
(They fem.) wish |
yatamannayn(a) |
يَتَمَنَّيْنَ |
|
Endings
of Imperfective Defective Verbs
(3rd
Person Masculine Singular) |
|
Form I |
-iw(u) |
-iy |
ـِيْ |
|
-iy(u) |
|
-uw(u) |
-uw |
ـُوْ |
|
-uy(u) |
|
-aw(u) |
-aa |
ـَىْ |
|
-ay(u) |
|
Forms V, VI & QII |
-aa |
ـَىْ |
|
Remaining Forms |
-iy |
ـِيْ |
|
Conjugation of Imperfective Defective Verbs |
|
3rd
person masculine singular |
Dual
and feminine plural |
2nd
person feminine singular |
Masculine plural |
|
-iy(u) |
-iy-suffix |
----iyn(a) |
----uwn(a) |
|
-uw(u) |
-uw-suffix |
----iyn(a) |
----uwn(a) |
|
-aa |
-ay-suffix |
----ayn(a) |
----awn(a) |
|
Fa"aa→
yaf"uw |
|
شَكَاْ |
بَدَاْ |
دَنَاْ |
تَلا |
نَمَاْ |
|
عَدَاْ |
رَجَاْ |
صَفَاْ |
عَلا |
رَنَاْ |
|
|
|
غَلا |
طَفَاْ |
سَلا |
|
Fa"aa→
yaf"iy |
|
بَكَىْ |
سَقَىْ |
مَضَىْ |
رَمَىْ |
مَشَىْ |
|
عَنَىْ |
مَرَىْ |
فَلَىْ |
حَمَىْ |
غَلَىْ |
|
هَوَىْ |
لَوَىْ |
كَوَىْ |
عَوَىْ |
رَوَىْ |
|
Fa"aa→
yaf"aa |
|
نَحَاْ |
رَأَىْ |
طَغَىْ |
رَعَىْ |
سَعَىْ |
IV. Enfolding Verbs
Enfolding verbs
are two types:
The first type enfolds the definitions of both
hollow and defective verbs, yet it is always treated as a defective
verb only, and the middle weak letter is treated as if it were a sound
letter.
Example:
أَوَىْ
'awaa
(He) took refuge (in), stayed (at)
The root is :
' W Y
Iأ
و ي
This is an
i
verb.
|
|
المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ
Indicative Imperfective
(Active Voice)
أَوَىْ :
فَعَلَ |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
take refuge |
'a'<wiy
→
'aawiy |
آوِيْ* |
|
(You masc.) take
refuge |
ta'<wiy |
تََأْوِيْ |
|
(You fem.) take
refuge |
ta'<wiyn(a) |
تََأْوِيْنَ |
|
(He) takes refugees |
ya'<wiy |
يَأْوِيْ |
|
(She) takes
refugees |
ta'<wiy |
تََأْوِيْ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You) take refuge |
ta'<wiyaan(i) |
تََأْوِيَاْنِ |
|
(They masc.) take
refuge |
ya'<wiyaan(i) |
يَأْوِيَاْنِ |
|
(They fem.) take
refuge |
ta'<wiyaan(i) |
تََأْوِيَاْنِ |
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.) take
refuge |
na'<wiy |
نَأْوِيْ |
|
(You masc.) take
refuge |
ta'<wuwn(a) |
تَأْوُوْنَ |
|
(You fem.) take
refuge |
ta'<wiyn(a) |
تََأْوِيْنَ |
|
(They masc.) take
refuge |
ya'<wuwn(a) |
يَأْوُوْنَ |
|
(They fem.) take
refuge |
ya'<wiyn(a) |
يَأْوِيْنَ |
*The
transition
'a'<
→
'aa
is a general rule of Arabic and not related to the verb being an irregular
verb. This transition was mentioned on
this page.
Enfolding verbs of the first type that end
with
-aa
in the perfective will end with
-iy
in the imperfective; the ones that end with
-iy(a)
in the perfective will end with
-aa
in the imperfective.
The second type of the enfolding verbs enfolds
the definitions of both Mithaal
and defective verbs. These verbs
get the dealing of both Mithaal
and defective verbs together.
Example:
وَعَىْ
wa"aa
(He) understood, comprehended
The root is :
و
ع
يW
" Y I
This is an
i
verb.
|
|
المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ
Indicative Imperfective
(Active Voice)
أَوَىْ :
فَعَلَ |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
understand |
'a"iy |
أَعِي |
|
(You masc.)
understand |
ta"iy |
تََعِيْ |
|
(You fem.)
understand |
ta"iyn(a) |
تََعِيْنَ |
|
(He) understands |
ya"iy |
يَعِيْ |
|
(She) understands |
ta"iy |
تََعِيْ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You) understand |
ta"iyaan(i) |
تَعِيَاْنِ |
|
(They masc.)
understand |
ya"iyaan(i) |
يَعِيَاْنِ |
|
(They fem.)
understand |
ta"iyaan(i) |
تََعِيَاْنِ |
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.)
understand |
na"iy |
نَعِيْ |
|
(You masc.)
understand |
ta"uwn(a) |
تَعُوْنَ |
|
(You fem.)
understand |
ta"iyn(a) |
تََعِيْنَ |
|
(They masc.)
understand |
ya"uwn(a) |
يَعُوْنَ |
|
(They fem.)
understand |
ya"iyn(a) |
يَعِيْنَ |
|
Enfolding
Verbs |
|
Root:
C-C-C |
Treat
as
defective verbs |
|
Root:
C-C-C |
Treat
as
Mithaal
& defective verbs |
Where
C
is a sound consonant, and
C
is a weak consonant.
Exercise
|
(He) extended (tr.) |
مَدَّ |
|
(He) extended (intr.) |
اِمْتَدَّ |
|
(He) continued |
اِسْتَمَرَّ |
|
(He) despaired
(a
verb) |
يَئِسَ |
|
(He) stood, stopped
(i
verb) |
وَقَفَ |
|
(He) fell
(a
verb) |
وَقَعَ |
|
(He) woke up (tr.) |
أَيْقَظَ |
|
(He)
won
(u
verb) |
فَاْزَ |
|
(He)
walked, strolled
(i
verb) |
سَاْرَ |
|
(He)
slept
(a
verb) |
نَاْمَ |
|
(He) chose |
اِخْتَاْرَ |
|
(He) resigned, left a job/duty |
اِسْتَقَاْلَ |
|
(He) remained, stayed
(a
verb) |
بَقِيَ |
|
(He) ascended
(u
verb) |
عَلا |
|
(He) bought |
اِشْتَرَىْ |
|
(He) transgressed |
تَعَدَّىْ |
|
(He) fell
(i
verb) |
هَوَىْ |
|
(He) protected
(i
verb) |
وَقَىْ |
Based on these verbs, can you
translate the following to Arabic?
(you need not to translate
the pronouns in parenthesis)
|
(You masc. sing.) extend (tr.) |
|
(They fem. plu.) extend (tr.) |
|
(You fem. sing.) extend (intr.) |
|
(You fem. plu.) extend (intr.) |
|
(We) continue |
|
(They fem. plu.) continue |
|
(I) despair |
|
(I) stand |
|
(she) falls |
|
(You dual) wake up (tr.) |
|
(She) wins |
|
(You fem. sing.) walk |
|
(You masc. sing.) sleep |
|
(They masc. plu.) choose |
|
(They fem. plu.) choose |
|
(They fem. plu.) resign |
|
(They masc. plu.) resign |
|
(I) remain |
|
(You fem. sing) remain |
|
(You fem. plu) remain |
|
(We) ascend |
|
(You fem. sing.) ascend |
|
(They fem. dual) ascend |
|
(You masc. sing.) buy |
|
(They masc. plu.) buy |
|
(You dual) buy |
|
(She) transgresses |
|
(They fem. plu) transgress |
|
(They masc. plu.) transgress |
|
(You fem. sing.) fall |
|
(They fem. plu.) fall |
|
(I) protect |
|
(They masc. dual) protect |
|
(They masc. plu.) protect |
|
(They fem. plu.) protect |
Answers
|
(You masc. sing.) extend (tr.) |
تَمُدُّ |
|
(They fem. plu.) extend (tr.) |
يَمْدُدْنَ |
|
(You fem. sing.) extend (intr.) |
تَمْتَدِّيْنَ |
|
(You fem. plu.) extend (intr.) |
تَمْتَدِدْنَ |
|
(We) continue |
نَسْتَمِرُّ |
|
(They fem. plu.) continue |
يَسْتَمْرِرْنَ |
|
(I) despair |
أَيْأَسُ |
|
(I) stand |
أَقِفُ |
|
(she) falls |
تَقَعُ |
|
(You dual) wake up (tr.) |
تُوْقِظَاْنِ |
|
(She) wins |
تَفُوْزُ |
|
(You fem. sing.) walk |
تَسِيْرِيْنَ |
|
(You masc. sing.) sleep |
تَنَاْمُ |
|
(They masc. plu.) choose |
يَخْتَاْرُوْنَ |
|
(They fem. plu.) choose |
يَخْتَرْنَ |
|
(They fem. plu.) resign |
يَسْتَقِلْنَ |
|
(They masc. plu.) resign |
يَسْتَقِيْلُوْنَ |
|
(I) remain |
أَبْقَىْ |
|
(You fem. sing) remain |
تَبْقَيْنَ |
|
(You fem. plu) remain |
تَبْقَيْنَ |
|
(We) ascend |
نَعْلُوْ |
|
(You fem. sing.) ascend |
تَعْلِيْنَ |
|
(They fem. dual) ascend |
تَعْلُوَاْنِ |
|
(You masc. sing.) buy |
تَشْتَرِيْ |
|
(They masc. plu.) buy |
يَشْتَرُوْنَ |
|
(You dual) buy |
تَشْتَرِيَاْنِ |
|
(She) transgresses |
تَتَعَدَّىْ |
|
(They fem. plu) transgress |
يَتَعَدَّيْنَ |
|
(They masc. plu.) transgress |
يَتَعَدَّوْنَ |
|
(You fem. sing.) fall |
تَهْوِيْنَ |
|
(They fem. plu.) fall |
يَهْوِيْنَ |
|
(I) protect |
أَقِيْ |
|
(They masc. dual) protect |
يَقِيَاْنِ |
|
(They masc. plu.) protect |
يَقُوْنَ |
|
(They fem. plu.) protect |
يَقِيْنَ |
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