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ARABIC ONLINE اللّغة العربيّة |
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Sound Masculine Plural Nouns Irregular Perfective Conjugation Irregular Imperfective Conjugation Inactive Particles Vocative Particles Praise & Disparagement Participle-like Adjectives Place-nouns Tool-nouns Diminutives
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Relative Pronouns (continued)
Usage Of Relative Pronouns
1. General Relative Pronouns
Those are the relative pronouns most commonly used. They can be translated as who, whom, which, or that. They are used somewhat similarly to English but the point here is that they change in form to suit the antecedent.
هَذَاْ الْكِتَاْبُ الَّذِيْ اِشْتَرَيْتُ haathaa ('a)l-kitaab(u) ('a)l-lathee 'ishtarayt(u) = this (is) the book which/that (I) bought Translation: this is the book which I bought
It is very common to add an attached object pronoun after the verb in such sentences: هَذَاْ الْكِتَاْبُ الَّذِيْ اِشْتَرَيْتُهُ haathaa ('a)l-kitaab(u) ('a)l-lathee 'ishtaraytu-h(u) = this (is) the book that/which (I) bought him Translation: this is the book which I bought
It is also common to add a pleonastic separation subject pronoun in such sentences:
هَذَاْ هُوَ الْكِتَاْبُ الَّذِيْ اِشْتَرَيْتُهُ haathaa huw(a) ('a)l-kitaab(u) ('a)l-lathee 'ishtaraytu-h(u) = this he (is) the book that/which (I) bought him Translation: this is the book which I bought
Other examples: هَذَاْنِ هُمَاْ الْكِتَاْبَاْنِ الْلَّذَاْنِ اِشْتَرَيْتُهُمَاْ haathaan(i) humaa ('a)l-kitaabaan(i) ('a)l-lathaan(i) 'ishtaraytu-humaa = those they (are) the two books that/which (I) bought them Translation: those are the two books which I bought
خُذِ الْدِّيْنَاْرَيْنِ الْلَّذِيْنِ فِيْ الْدُّرْجِ khuth(i) ('a)d-deenaarayn(i) ('a)l-lathayn(i) fee ('a)d-durj(i) = (you) take the two dinars that/which (are) in the drawer Translation: take the two dinars (currency unit) that are in the drawer
هَؤُلاءِ هُمُ النَّاْسُ الَّذِيْنَ سَاْعَدُوْنِيْ haa'ulaa'(i) hum(u) ('a)n-naas(u) ('a)l-latheen(a) saa"adoo-nee = those they (are) the people that/who helped me Translation: those are the people who helped me
Note that when using the general relative pronouns it is often possible to omit the word to which the relative pronoun refers (the antecedent).
Examples: هَذَاْ هُوَ الَّذِيْ اِشْتَرَيْتُهُ haathaa huw(a) ('a)l-lathee 'ishtaraytu-h(u) = this he (is) that/which (I) bought him Translation: this is what I bought
هَؤُلاءِ هُمُ الَّذِيْنَ سَاْعَدُوْنِيْ haa'ulaa'(i) hum(u) ('a)l-latheen(a) saa"adoo-nee = those they (are) that/who helped me Translation: those are (the people) who helped me
2. The Relative Pronoun "Who"
"Who" in English changes in form as the following:
Surprisingly, the Arabic equivalent does not change at all. It is a "built" word and it assumes a sole form for all cases, numbers, and genders.
However, the usage of this word differs from English.
Example in English: Tom is the one who can do it
In Arabic, this sentence will become:
Tom is who can do it
This is the major point here, in Arabic the antecedent must go away when using the relative pronoun "who." Usually, a separation subject pronoun will be added so the final structure will be: Tom he is who can do it
Examples:
►Subject Case
تومٌ هُوَ مَنْ يَسْتَطِيْعُ أَنْ يَفْعَلَهَاْ tōm(un) huw(a) man yastatee"(u) 'an yaf"ala-haa = Tom he (is) who (he) can that (he) do her Translation: Tom is the one who can do it
الْغَنِيُّ مَنْ يَقْنَعُ بِمَاْ يَمْلِكُ 'al-raniyy(u) man yaqna"(u) bi-maa yamlik(u) = the rich (is) who is sufficed with what (he) has Translation: he who is sufficed with what he has is a rich person
الْغَنِيُّ هُوَ مَنْ يَقْنَعُ بِمَاْ يَمْلِكُ 'al-raniyy(u) huw(a) man yaqna"(u) bi-maa yamlik(u) = the rich he (is) who is sufficed with what (he) has Translation: he who is sufficed with what he has is a rich person
►Object Case
دَاْنٌ هُوَ مَنْ رَأَيْتُ daan(un) huw(a) man ra'ayt(u) = Dan he (is) whom (I) saw Translation: Dan is the man whom I saw
And more commonly: دَاْنٌ هُوَ مَنْ رَأَيْتُهُ daan(un) huw(a) man ra'aytu-h(u) = Dan he (is) whom (I) saw him Translation: Dan is the man whom I saw
► With Prepositions The usage of relative pronouns as adpositional complements is NOT present in Arabic.
Example, the English sentence: Jenny is the woman with whom he is happy In order to translate this sentence to Arabic, it must be rephrased first. Either one of the two types of relative pronouns can be used: 1. The General Relative Pronoun (≡That)
The structure in Arabic will be: "Jenny is the woman that he is happy with her"
2. The Specific Relative Pronoun (Whom)
The structure in Arabic will be: "Jenny she is whom he is happy with her"
It is NOT possible to delete the object pronoun after the preposition.
Examples:
جينِيْ هِيَ الْمَرْأَةُ الَّتِيْ يَسْعَدُ مَعَهَاْ jenee hiy(a) ('a)l-mar'a(tu) ('a)l-latee yas"ad(u) ma"a-haa = Jenny she (is) the woman that (he) is happy with her Translation: Jenny is the woman that he's happy with جينِيْ هِيَ مَنْ يَسْعَدُ مَعَهَاْ jenee hiy(a) man yas"ad(u) ma"a-haa = Jenny she (is) whom (he) is happy with her Translation: Jenny is the woman whom he's happy with Again, it was NOT possible to delete the final object pronoun in those two sentences.
► The Possessive Another usage of relative pronouns in English is in the possessive form "whose." This type of relative pronouns is NOT present at all in Arabic.
An English example: Jack is the boy whose book is this In order to translate this sentence to Arabic it must be rephrased in either way of the following two:
1. With The General Relative Pronoun (≡That)
The structure in Arabic will be: "Jack is the boy that his book is this" OR "Jack is the boy that this is his book"
2. With The Specific Relative Pronoun (Whom)
The structure in Arabic will be: "Jack is who his book is this" OR "Jack is who this is his book"
3. Without Any Relative Pronoun (the best way)
"Jack is the owner of this book"
Examples: جَاْكٌ هُوَ الْصَّبِيُّ الَّذِيْ هَذَاْ كِتَاْبُهُ jaak(un) huw(a) 'as-sabiyy(u) 'al-lathee haathaa kitaabu-h(u) = Jack he (is) the boy that this (is) (the) book (of) him Translation: Jack is the boy whose book is this
جَاْكٌ هُوَ مَنْ كِتَاْبُهُ هَذَاْ jaak(un) huw(a) man kitaabu-h(u) haathaa = Jack he (is) who (the) book (of) him (is) this Translation: Jack is the boy whose book is this
جَاْكٌ هُوَ صَاْحِبُ هَذَاْ الْكِتَاْبِ jaak(un) huw(a) saahib(u) haathaa ('a)l-kitaab(i) = Jack he (is) (the) (of) this book Translation: Jack is the owner of this book
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