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Negation (continued)

Present Tense Negative Sentences

Maa مَاْ

Although it is seldom used in formal Arabic, negative maa is the most commonly used negative particle in the modern spoken dialects of Arabic.

The usual usage of this particle in classical Arabic is before perfective verbs, but it can also be used before imperfective verbs, even though this is a rather awkward usage in the formal language.

هُوَ مَاْ يَعْرِفُ شَيْئًا

huw(a) maa ya"rif(u) shay'a(n)

 = he not knows a thing

Translation: HE doesn't know anything

 

مَاْ يَعْرِفُ شَيْئًا

maa ya"rif(u) shay'a(n)

 = not (he) knows a thing

Translation: he doesn't know anything

 

إِنَّهُ مَاْ يَعْرِفُ شَيْئًا

'inna-h(u) maa ya"rif(u) shay'a(n)

 = it is true that him not knows a thing

Translation: he doesn't know anything

 

لَقَدْ أَخْبَرْتُكَ أَنَّهُ مَاْ يَعْرِفُ شَيْئًا

la-qad 'akhbartu-k(a) 'anna-h(u) maa ya"rif(u) shay'a(n)

 = (I) have told you that truthfully him not knows a thing

Translation: I told you he doesn't know anything

 

 

Before Subjects

 

مَاْ أَحَدٌ هُنَاْ

maa 'ahad(un) hunaa

 = not a one (is) here

Translation: no one/nobody is here

 

مَاْ هُوَ يَعْرِفُ شَيْئًا

maa huw(a) ya"rif(u) shay'a(n)

 = not he knows a thing

Translation: HE doesn't know anything

 

مَاْ أَحَدٌ يَعْرِفُ شَيْئًا

maa 'ahad(un) ya"rif(u) shay'a(n)

 = not a one knows a thing

Translation: no one/nobody knows anything

 

Maa can also work like lays(a), that is, it will require an adverb in the accusative case to follow it.

مَاْ هَذَاْ بَشَرًا

maa haathaa bashara(n)

 = is/exists not this (as) a human

Translation: this is not a human being

 

With transitive bi-:

مَاْ هَذَاْ بِبَشَرٍ

maa haathaa bi-bashar(in)

 = is/exists not this in (state of) a human

Translation: this is not a human being

 

مَاْ هَذَاْ بِالْبَشَرِ

maa haathaa bi-l-bashar(i)

 = is/exists not this in (state of) the human

Translation: this is not a human being

 

'in إِنْ

The last one of the negative particles in the present tense, 'in (Hebrew אין) was an important negative word in classical Arabic, but not as much in modern Arabic.

 

Before Verbs

هُوَ إِنْ يَعْرِفُ شَيْئًا

huw(a) 'in ya"rif(u) shay'a(n)

 = he not knows a thing

Translation: HE doesn't know anything

 

إِنْ يَعْرِفُ شَيْئًا

'in ya"rif(u) shay'a(n)

 = not (he) knows a thing

Translation: he doesn't know anything

 

إِنَّهُ إِنْ يَعْرِفُ شَيْئًا

'inna-h(u) 'in ya"rif(u) shay'a(n)

 = it is true that him not knows a thing

Translation: he doesn't know anything

 

لَقَدْ أَخْبَرْتُكَ أَنَّهُ إِنْ يَعْرِفُ شَيْئًا

la-qad 'akhbartu-k(a) 'anna-h(u) 'in ya"rif(u) shay'a(n)

 = (I) have told you that truthfully him not knows a thing

Translation: I told you he doesn't know anything

 

 

Before Subjects

 

إِنْ أَحَدٌ هُنَاْ

'in 'ahad(un) hunaa

 = not a one (is) here

Translation: no one/nobody is here

 

إِنْ هُوَ يَعْرِفُ شَيْئًا

'in huw(a) ya"rif(u) shay'a(n)

 = not he knows a thing

Translation: HE doesn't know anything

 

إِنْ أَحَدٌ يَعْرِفُ شَيْئًا

'in 'ahad(un) ya"rif(u) shay'a(n)

 = not a one knows a thing

Translation: no one/nobody knows anything

 

Like laa and maa, Arabs also used 'in in the same way as lays(a) (with an adverb in the accusative case following the subject).

إِنْ هَذَاْ بَشَرًا

'in haathaa bashara(n)

 = is/exists not this (as) a human

Translation: this is not a human being

 

 

 

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