Verbs
Perfective
Structures
Conjugation of Irregular Verbs
(continued)
For description of irregular verb types,
you may go here
4) Defective Verbs
Defective verbs are verbs whose last original letter is a weak letter.
Defective verbs can end
with
ا /
ى
(fake weak
'alif)
or with
apparent
و
w or
ي
y.
All perfective defective verbs
end with
ا / ى
except form I verbs that have
i
or
u
vowels before their final weak letters.
I. Triliteral Defective Verbs
Ending With
-iy(a)
/
-uw(a)
These verbs can only be
form I verbs. They will conjugate regularly except in the 3rd parson
masculine plural conjugation, in which the final weak letter will be
deleted along with the preceding short vowel when adding the suffix.
Example:
نَسِيَ
nasiy(a)
(He) forgot
The root is :
ن س يN
S Y I
|
(he) forgot |
nasiy(a) |
نَسِيَ
|
|
(I) forgot |
nasiyt(u)
=naseet(u)* |
نَسِيْتُ
|
*Remember that a still weak letter preceded by a corresponding short vowel
is equal to a long vowel (iy =
ee,
uw =
oo).
In the 3rd parson
masculine plural conjugation, the final weak letter will be deleted along
with the short vowel preceding it (-vCa) when adding the suffix.
Example:
|
(He) forgot |
nasiy(a) |
نَسِيَ
|
|
(They masc.)
forgot |
nasiyoo |
نَسِيُوْا
|
|
(They masc.)
forgot |
nasoo |
نَسُوْا
|
The full conjugation:
|
|
الْمَاْضِيْ Perfective
//
نَسِيَ
:
فَـعِـلَ
(Form I, Active Voice) |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
forgot |
nasiyt(u) |
نَسِيْتُ
|
|
(You masc.)
forgot |
nasiyt(a) |
نَسِيْتَ
|
|
(You fem.)
forgot |
nasiyti |
نَسِيْتِ
|
|
(He) forgot
|
nasiy(a) |
نَسِيَ
|
|
(She) forgot
|
nasiyat |
نَسِيَتْ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You)
forgot |
nasiytumaa |
نَسِيْتُمَاْ
|
|
(They masc.)
forgot |
nasiyaa |
نَسِيَاْ
|
|
(They fem.)
forgot |
nasiyataa |
نَسِيَتَاْ
|
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.)
forgot |
nasiynaa |
نَسِيْنَاْ
|
|
(You masc.)
forgot |
nasiytum |
نَسِيْتُمْ
|
|
(You fem.)
forgot |
nasiytunn(a) |
نَسِيْتُنَّ
|
|
(They masc.)
forgot |
nasoo |
نَسُوْا
|
|
(They fem.)
forgot |
nasiyn(a) |
نَسِيْنَ
|
*Keep in mind that
iy
=
ee and
uw
=
oo. Arabic does not have real
long vowels but only these combinations.
II. Triliteral Defective Verbs
Ending With
-aa
These verbs represent all
the defective perfective verbs except form I verbs that
have
i
or
u
after their second root-letters.
Form I verbs that have
a
after their second root-letter can
end with
ا
or
ى
depending on whether the
original final weak letter is
w
or
y,
respectively. Forms other than form I can only end with
y, regardless of the origin of
the final weak letter.
More details
are available on
this page.
►Form I
The final
the
ا /
ى
of form I defective verbs will
be changed back to the original weak letter it substitutes for in the
following conjugations:
Example:
نَمَاْ
namaa
(He) grew
(intr.)
The root is:
ن م وN
M W I
|
(he) grew |
namaa |
نَمَاْ
|
|
(I) grew |
namaat(u) |
نَمَاْتُ
|
|
(I) grew |
namawt(u) |
نَمَوْتُ
|
The short vowel
a preceding
the final weak letter will appear in all verbs ending with weak
'alif.
For the rest of the
conjugations other than the basic one (namely the 3rd person feminine
singular & dual, and masculine plural), the final
ا /
ى
will be always deleted.
For the 3rd feminine
singular and feminine dual, the preceding short vowel (the
a)
will be deleted along.
Example:
|
(He) grew |
namaa |
نَمَاْ
|
|
(She) grew |
namaaat |
نَمَاَتْ
|
|
(She) grew |
namat |
نَمَتْ
|
For the 3rd person
masculine plural, the short vowel
a
before the
deleted weak letter will be
preserved, and the resultant suffix
will be
-aw
rather
than
-uw
(=oo).
|
(He) grew |
namaa |
نَمَاْ
|
|
(They masc.) grew |
namaauw |
نَمَاُوْا
|
|
(They masc.) grew |
namaw |
نَمَوْا
|
The full conjugation:
|
|
الْمَاْضِيْ
Perfective
//
نَمَاْ
: فَـعَـلَ
(Form I, Active Voice) |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
grew |
namawt(u) |
نَمَوْتُ
|
|
(You masc.) grew |
namawt(a) |
نَمَوْتَ
|
|
(You fem.) grew |
namawti |
نَمَوْتِ
|
|
(He) grew |
namaa
|
نَمَاْ
|
|
(She) grew |
namat |
نَمَتْ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You) grew |
namawtumaa |
نَمَوْتُمَاْ
|
|
(They masc.)
grew |
namawaa |
نَمَوَاْ
|
|
(They fem.) grew |
namataa |
نَمَتَاْ
|
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.)
grew |
namawnaa |
نَمَوْنَاْ
|
|
(You masc.) grew |
namawtum |
نَمَوْتُمْ
|
|
(You fem.) grew |
namawtunn(a) |
نَمَوْتُنَّ
|
|
(They masc.)
grew |
namaw |
نَمَوْا
|
|
(They fem.) grew |
namawn(a) |
نَمَوْنَ
|
Another example:
بَكَىْ
bakaa
(He) cried
The root is:
ب
ك
يB
K Y I
|
|
الْمَاْضِيْ
Perfective
//
بَكَىْ
: فَـعَـلَ
(Form
I, Active
Voice) |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
cried |
bakayt(u) |
بَكَيْتُ
|
|
(You masc.)
cried |
bakayt(a) |
بَكَيْتَ
|
|
(You fem.) cried |
bakayti |
بَكَيْتِ
|
|
(He) cried |
bakaa
|
بَكَىْ |
|
(She) cried |
bakat |
بَكَتْ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You)
cried |
bakaytumaa |
بَكَيْتُمَاْ
|
|
(They masc.)
cried |
bakayaa |
بَكَيَاْ
|
|
(They fem.)
cried |
bakataa |
بَكَتَاْ
|
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.)
cried |
bakaynaa |
بَكَيْنَاْ
|
|
(You masc.)
cried |
bakaytum |
بَكَيْتُمْ
|
|
(You fem.) cried |
bakaytunn(a) |
بَكَيْتُنَّ
|
|
(They masc.)
cried |
bakaw |
بَكَوْا
|
|
(They fem.)
cried |
bakayn(a) |
بَكَيْنَ
|
►Forms Other Than Form I
Defective verbs with more than three letters
(i.e. forms other than form I, verbs with additional letters or
quadriliteral roots) always end with a weak
'alif
that looks like this:
ى
This weak
'alif
will be always changed to
y
when there is need to change, regardless of
its true origin.
The conjugation of these verbs is not any
different from what was mentioned for form I verbs ending with
ى
.
Example:
اِنْتَهَىْ
'intahaa
(He) ended, finished
The root is:
ن هـ يN
H Y I
|
|
الْمَاْضِيْPerfective
//
انْتَهَىْ
:
اِفْتَعَلَ
(Form VIII, Active Voice) |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
finished |
'intahayt(u) |
اِنْتَهَيْتُ
|
|
(You masc.)
finished |
'intahayt(a) |
اِنْتَهَيْتَ
|
|
(You fem.)
finished |
'intahayti |
اِنْتَهَيْتِ
|
|
(He) finished
|
'intahaa |
اِنْتَهَىْ
|
|
(She) finished
|
'intahat |
اِنْتَهَتْ
|
|
D
U
A
L |
(You)
finished |
'intahaytumaa |
اِنْتَهيْتُمَاْ
|
|
(They masc.)
finished |
'intahayaa |
اِنْتَهَيَاْ
|
|
(They fem.)
finished |
'intahataa |
اِنْتَهَتَاْ
|
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.)
finished |
'intahaynaa |
اِنْتَهَيْنَاْ
|
|
(You masc.)
finished |
'intahaytum |
اِنْتَهَيْتُمْ |
|
(You fem.)
finished |
'intahaytunn(a) |
اِنْتَهَيْتُنَّ
|
|
(They masc.)
finished |
'intahaw |
اِنْتَهَوْا
|
|
(They fem.)
finished |
'intahayn(a) |
اِنْتَهَيْنَ
|
|
Endings
of Perfective Defective Verbs
(3rd
Person Masculine Singular) |
|
Form I |
fa"iw(a) |
-iy(a) |
ـِيَ |
|
fa"iy(a) |
|
fa"uw(a) |
-uw(a) |
ـُوَ |
|
fa"uy(a) |
|
fa"aw(a) |
-aa |
ـَاْ |
|
fa"ay(a) |
-aa |
ـَىْ |
|
Other Forms |
-aa |
ـَىْ |
|
Conjugation of Perfective Defective Verbs |
|
|
1st
person
2nd
person
3rd
person feminine plural
3rd
masculine dual |
3rd
person feminine singular
3rd
person feminine dual |
Masculine
plural |
|
Form I |
fa"il(a) |
-iy-suffix |
-iy-suffix |
----uw |
|
fa"ul(a) |
-uw-suffix |
-uw-suffix |
----uw |
|
fa"aw(a) |
-aw-suffix |
----suffix |
----aw |
|
fa"ay(a) |
-ay-suffix |
----suffix |
----aw |
|
Other Forms |
-ay-suffix |
----suffix |
----aw |
IV. Enfolding Verbs
Enfolding verbs
are two types:
The first type enfolds the definitions of both
hollow and defective verbs, yet it is always treated as a defective
verb only, and the middle weak letter is treated as if it were a sound
letter.
Example:
هَوَىْ
hawaa
(He) fell
The root is :
هـ و يH
W Y I
|
|
الْمَاْضِيْ
Perfective
//
هَوَىْ
:
فَـعَـلَ
(Form I, Active Voice) |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
fell |
hawayt(u) |
هَوَيْتُ
|
|
(You masc.) fell |
hawayt(a) |
هَوَيْتَ
|
|
(You fem.) fell |
hawayti |
هَوَيْتِ
|
|
(He) fell
|
hawaa
|
هَوَىْ |
|
(She) fell
|
hawat |
هَوَتْ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You) fell |
hawaytumaa |
هَوَيْتُمَاْ |
|
(They masc.)
fell |
hawayaa |
هَوَيَاْ |
|
(They fem.) fell |
hawataa |
هَوَتَاْ
|
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.)
fell |
hawaynaa |
هَوَيْنَاْ
|
|
(You masc.) fell |
hawaytum |
هَوَيْتُمْ
|
|
(You fem.) fell |
hawaytunn(a) |
هَوَيْتُنَّ
|
|
(They masc.)
fell |
hawaw |
هَوَوْا |
|
(They fem.) fell |
hawayn(a) |
هَوَيْنَ
|
The second type of the enfolding verbs enfolds
the definitions of both Mithaal
and defective verbs. These verbs
get the dealing of both Mithaal
and defective verbs together. However, since that
Mithaal
verbs conjugate regularly in the
perfective, conjugating enfolding verbs will be very much like conjugating
defective verbs.
Example:
وَفَىْ
wafaa
(He) fulfilled
The root is :
و ف يW
F Y I
|
|
الْمَاْضِيْ
Perfective
//
وَفَىْ
:
فَـعَـلَ
(Form I, Active Voice) |
|
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R |
(I)
fulfilled |
wafayt(u) |
وَفَيْتُ
|
|
(You masc.)
fulfilled |
wafayt(a) |
وَفَيْتَ
|
|
(You fem.)
fulfilled |
wafayti |
وَفَيْتِ
|
|
(He) fulfilled
|
wafaa
|
وَفَىْ |
|
(She) fulfilled
|
wafat |
وَفَتْ |
|
D
U
A
L |
(You)
fulfilled |
wafaytumaa |
وَفَيْتُمَاْ |
|
(They masc.)
fulfilled |
wafayaa |
وَفَيَاْ |
|
(They fem.)
fulfilled |
wafataa |
وَفَتَاْ
|
|
P
L
U
R
A
L |
(We dual/plu.)
fulfilled |
wafaynaa |
وَفَيْنَاْ
|
|
(You masc.)
fulfilled |
wafaytum |
وَفَيْتُمْ
|
|
(You fem.)
fulfilled |
wafaytunn(a) |
وَفَيتُنَّ
|
|
(They masc.)
fulfilled |
wafaw |
وَفَوْا |
|
(They fem.)
fulfilled |
wafayn(a) |
وَفَيْنَ
|
|
Enfolding Verbs |
|
Root:
C-C-C |
Treat as defective
verbs |
|
Root:
C-C-C |
Treat as
Mithaal
& defective verbs |
Where
C
is a sound consonant, and
C
is a weak consonant.
Exercise
|
(He) escaped (intr.) |
فَرَّ |
|
(He) admitted |
أَقَرَّ |
|
(He) stood, stopped |
وَقَفَ |
|
(He) won
origin:
فَوَزَ |
فَاْزَ |
|
(He) feared
origin:
خَوِفَ |
خَاْفَ |
|
(He) rested, became relived |
اِرْتَاْحَ |
|
(He) rose, ascended |
عَلا |
|
(He) remained, stayed |
بَقِيَ |
|
(He) bought |
اِشْتَرَىْ |
|
(He) bent (intr.) |
اِلْتَوَىْ |
|
(He) protected |
وَقَىْ |
Based on these verbs, can you
translate the following to Arabic?
(you need not to translate
the pronouns in parenthesis)
|
(You sing. masc.) escaped |
|
(They plu. masc.) escaped |
|
(We) escaped |
|
(We) admitted |
|
(You plu. masc.) admitted |
|
(They dual fem.) admitted |
|
(They plu. fem.) stood |
|
(She) won |
|
(you sing. fem.) won |
|
(I) won |
|
(We) feared |
|
(They dual masc.) feared |
|
(You dual) feared |
|
(I) rested |
|
(They plu. fem.) rested |
|
(They plu. masc.) rested |
|
(We) ascended |
|
(They plu. masc.) ascended |
|
(She) ascended |
|
(They dual) ascended |
|
(You dual) stayed |
|
(I)
stayed |
|
(She) stayed |
|
(They plu. masc.)
stayed |
|
(You sing. fem.) bought |
|
(She) bought |
|
(We) bent |
|
(She)
bent |
|
(They
plu. masc.) bent |
|
(You sing. masc.) protected |
|
(She) protected |
|
(They plu. masc.) protected |
Answers
|
(You sing. masc.) escaped |
فَرَرْتَ |
|
(They plu. masc.) escaped |
فَرُّوْا |
|
(We) escaped |
فَرَرْنَاْ |
|
(We) admitted |
أَقْرَرْنَاْ |
|
(You plu. masc.) admitted |
أَقْرَرْتُمْ |
|
(They dual fem.) admitted |
أَقَرَّتَاْ |
|
(They plu. fem.) stood |
وَقَفْنَ |
|
(She) won |
فَاْزَتْ |
|
(You sing. fem.) won |
فُزْتِ |
|
(I) won |
فُزْتُ |
|
(We) feared |
خِفْنَاْ |
|
(They dual masc.) feared |
خَاْفَاْ |
|
(You dual) feared |
خِفْتُمَاْ |
|
(I) rested |
اِرْتَحْتُ |
|
(They plu. fem.) rested |
اِرْتَحْنَ |
|
(They plu. masc.) rested |
اِرْتَاْحُوْا |
|
(We) ascended |
عَلَوْنَاْ |
|
(They plu. masc.) ascended |
عَلَوْا |
|
(She) ascended |
عَلَتْ |
|
(They dual) ascended |
عَلَوَاْ |
|
(You dual) stayed |
بَقِيْتُمَاْ |
|
(I) stayed |
بَقِيْتُ |
|
(She) stayed |
بَقِيَتْ |
|
(They plu. masc.) stayed |
بَقُوْا |
|
(You sing. fem.) bought |
اِشْتَرَيْتِ |
|
(She) bought |
اِشْتَرَتْ |
|
(We) bent |
اِلْتَوَيْنَاْ |
|
(She) bent |
اِلْتَوَتْ |
|
(They plu. masc.) bent |
اِلْتَوَوْا |
|
(You sing. masc.) protected |
وَقَيْتَ |
|
(She) protected |
وَقَتْ |
|
(They plu. masc.) protected |
وَقَوْا |
Previous
Next
|
